Digital revolution, as a result of the fourth industrial revolution is changing the way people live and conduct their business. Its promise of sustainability is building optimism amongst users. However, there is a lack of research in understanding how digital platform business models can be tailored for use in existing businesses and how this technology can be used to revolutionize new businesses. This study conducted a systematic literature review to create a deeper understanding of the technology of digital platform business models and their characteristics and application. The results of this study are used to develop a hybrid structure of the digital platform business models and their components. Also, this study identified the critical elements of the cyber-physical system. Herein, the core, trendy, intermittent, and emergent keywords relating to digital platform business models are placed and analyzed. This study contributed to the body of knowledge by an in-depth understanding of digital platform business models and their relevance in the fourth industrial revolution by removing barriers that may limit their use.

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Temitayo Shenkoya 
Science and Technology Knowledge Research Institute, Chungnam National University (CNU), Daejeon, South Korea

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan endows enormous renewable and nonrenewable resources as a primary impetus for development of energy and agriculture. The percentage of the population whose access to the essential daily necessities for having a healthy life is among the lowest in the world. This dilemma chiefly refers to the rural and remote communities in Afghanistan. In terms of rural societies, sustainable development is a decision-making strategy that balances social, economic, technical, institutional, and environmental aspects that assures the present needs of humankind, considering the future anticipation simultaneously. The concept developed in this study targets achieving the 2030 sustainable development goals (SDGs), which are appropriate for rural and remote residents’ lifestyle change and improvement in Afghanistan. Setting measurable sustainability indicators is indispensable for the productive invention of a sustained plane for a sustainable rural community. This study proposes a sustainable mechanism for Afghanistan's rural development by confirming the 2030 sustainable development 17 Goals (SDGs). Among these SDGs, the designed framework (methodology) meets 11 goals directly and the rest of 6 goals indirectly.  Besides, the proposed framework propounds a novel solution and involves all crucial segments of routine healthy life in rural Afghanistan. It consecrated criteria that fit the real-life anticipations and can lead the rural communities toward self-sufficiency for long-run sustainability.  Based on the academic research and experts' judgment methods, overall analysis procedures can fit as an analogy, especially for other communities and developing countries as a pilot project.

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Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Project Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Tomonobu Senjyu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Naomitsu Urasaki
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan

Nisar Ahmad Rahmany
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Ahmad Murtaza Ershad
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Ahmad Khaled Zarabie
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Mohammad Abed Anwarzai
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Hedayatullah Karimy
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

Hameedullah Zaheb
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul 1006, Afghanistan

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Climate change and global warmings are the main challenges for today and the future nations from the health and environment perspectives. Energy generation utilizing fossil fuel is the leading cause of these issues. On its opposite side, elimination or suppression of fossil fuel utilization by introducing clean and abundant renewable energy resources could be the best solution. In general, renewable energies have  low efficiency and high capital cost compared to conventional fossil fuel-based energy supply. Therefore, without considering proper approaches and techniques, it is not encouraging  to supply energy through renewable energy resources. Conquering the problem, we need to find the best method and ways to create cheap and efficient energy by renewable sources as possible. In this paper, a methodology is investigated and proposed to simultaneously save energy and cost considering useful parameters such as the effect of different modules, temperature, location, and tilt angle. An estimation-based tool developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) known as PV Watts, which is utilized in this paper. A 10 kW photovoltaic system with three different modules in two different locations Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan is selected as a case study. From the results, it is found that selection of a specific module for a specific region with different temperatures and appropriate title angles has a significant effect on the performance of photovoltaic systems. It is worthy of mention that before implementing a photovoltaic system, different aspects of the system should be evaluated using proper software/tools in order to achieve optimal energy performance. Finally, better energy system performance contributes to the attraction of investment in renewable energy resources as a clean and sustainable energy supply option.

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REPA

Mohammadi K, Sabory NR, Karimi K, Ahmadi M, Danish MSS, et al. (2020) “Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01

APA

Mohammadi, K., Sabory, N. R., Karimi, K., Ahmadi, M., Danish, M. S. S., & Senjyu, T. (2020). Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01

MLA

Mohammadi, Khalil, et al. “Performance Evaluation of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Modules: A Case Study.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–8, doi:10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Vancouver

Mohammadi K, Sabory NR, Karimi K, Ahmadi M, Danish MSS, Senjyu T. Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. J Eng Technol Rev. 2020;1(1):1–8.

Chicago

Mohammadi, Khalil, Najib Rahman Sabory, Kambiz Karimi, Mikaeel Ahmadi, Mir Sayed Shah Danish, and Tomonobu Senjyu. 2020. “Performance Evaluation of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Modules: A Case Study.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution 1 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Elsevier

Mohammadi, K., Sabory, N.R., Karimi, K., Ahmadi, M., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T., 2020. Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01

IEEE

10. Mohammadi, N. R. Sabory, K. Karimi, M. Ahmadi, M. S. S. Danish, and T. Senjyu, “Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study,” J. Eng. Technol. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Springer

Mohammadi, K., Sabory, N.R., Karimi, K., Ahmadi, M., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T.: Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Khalil Mohammadi
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Kambiz Karimi
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahmadi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

1. Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2014) “Pre-design and life cycle cost analysis of a hybrid power system for rural and remote communities in Afghanistan” The Journal of Engineering-IET (vol. 2014, no. 8, pp. 438–444) https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2014.0172

2. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, Yona A, et al. (2016) “An Open-door Immature Policy for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Afghanistan” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 8–13) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.12

3. Yaqobi MA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Urakaki N, Howlader AM, et al. (2018) “Control and Energy Management Strategy of Standalone DC Microgrid Cluster using PV and Battery Storage for Rural Application” International Journal of Power and Energy Research (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 53–68) https://doi.org/10.22606/ijper.2018.24001

4. Susowake Y, Ibrahimi AM, Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Howlader AM, et al. (2018) “Multi-Objective Design of Power System Introducing Seawater Electrolysis Plant for Remote Island” IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) Singapore, Singapore, IEEE - pp. 908–911. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2018.8467912 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8467912)

5. Tobaru S, Muarapaz CC, Conteh F, Senjyu T, Howlader AM, et al. (2016) “Design of hybrid renewable energy systems considering optimal real-time pricing” 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) Singapore, Singapore, IEEE - pp. 3206–3209. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848641 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7848641)

6. Ahmadi M, Lotfy ME, Howlader AM, Yona A, Senjyu T (2019) “Centralised multi-objective integration of wind farm and battery energy storage system in real-distribution network considering environmental, technical and economic perspective” Transmission Distribution IET Generation (vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 5207–5217) https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6749

7. Danish MSS, Matayoshi H, Howlader HOR, Chakraborty S, Mandal P, et al. (2019) “Microgrid Planning and Design: Resilience to Sustainability” 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia) Bangkok, Thailand, IEEE - pp. 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1109/GTDAsia.2019.8716010

8. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Ershad AM, Danish SMS, Yona A, et al. (2017) “Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning trough Exploitation of Renewable Energy” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.11

9. Ahmadi M, Lotfy ME, Danish MSS, Ryuto S, Yona A, et al. (2019) “Optimal multi-configuration and allocation of SVR, capacitor, centralised wind farm, and energy storage system: a multi-objective approach in a real distribution network” IET Renewable Power Generation (vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 762–773) https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5057

10. Ahmadi M, Lotfy ME, Shigenobu R, Yona A, Senjyu T (2018) “Optimal sizing and placement of rooftop solar photovoltaic at Kabul city real distribution network” Transmission Distribution IET Generation (vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 303–309) https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0687

11. Chikate BV, Sadawarte Y (2015) “The factors affecting the performance of solar cell” International journal of computer applications (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 0975–8887)

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Energy has been harvested from water, wind and solar as isolated distributed generation (DG) to electrify rural households and villages in Afghanistan. Several solar PV and wind farms have been or planned to be built as isolated distributed generators in those provinces that have no access to national grid.  While it is ideal that the national electrical grid be extended to those provinces and regions, these distributed generators are not compatible with the operating voltage specifications of the national grid. In this study, we have focused on changing the topology of distribution grid at the planning and design stage by introducing active devices to control voltage, especially in the weak nodes of the grid. At substations which convert DG to MV/LV, using two active devices such as On Load Tap Changing-Phase Shifting Transformer (OLTC-PST) and Static Synchronize Compensator (STATCOM) should be considered in the design. The integration a 1-MW wind power distributed generator in Panjshir province of Afghanistan with the national grid network is considered. Introducing these active devices that increases the installed DG power in weak networks is analyzed. An operation and control strategy for the Active Substation is verified by temporal power flow simulations. The results show that using these active devices can increase the active power injection capability in weak networks.

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REPA

Joya AJ, Shirani H (2020) “Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution  (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–15) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02

APA

Joya, A. J., & Shirani, H. (2020). Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, 1(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02

MLA

Joya, Ali Jan, and Habiburahman Shirani. “Active Substation Design for Distributed Generation Integration in Afghanistan’s Grid.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 9–15, doi:10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Vancouver

Joya AJ, Shirani H. Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. J Eng Technol Rev. 2020;1(1):9–15.

Chicago

Joya, Ali Jan, and Habiburahman Shirani. 2020. “Active Substation Design for Distributed Generation Integration in Afghanistan’s Grid.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution 1 (1): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Elsevier

Joya, A.J., Shirani, H., 2020. Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02

IEEE

10. J. Joya and H. Shirani, “Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid,” J. Eng. Technol. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Springer

Joya, A.J., Shirani, H.: Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 9–15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Ali Jan Joya
Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan

Habiburahman Shirani
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

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6. Verboomen J, Van Hertem D, Schavemaker PH, Kling WL, Belmans R (2005) “Phase shifting transformers: principles and applications” 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems Amsterdam, Netherlands, IEEE - pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPS.2005.204302

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9. Goikoetxea A, Barrena JA, Rodriguez MA, Abad G (2009) “Active substation design to maximize DG integration” 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech Bucharest, Romania, IEEE - pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2009.5282156

10. Rao P, Crow ML, Yang Z (2000) “STATCOM control for power system voltage control applications” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery (vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1311–1317) https://doi.org/10.1109/61.891520

11. Shahzad U, Asgarpoor S (2017) “A Comprehensive Review of Protection Schemes for Distributed Generation” Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 430–463) https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2017.98029

12. Chetty A, Shoaib M, Sreedevi A (2014) “An Overview of Distributed Generation” International Journal of Modern Engineeirng Research (vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 35–41)

13. Padiyar KR (2007) “FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution,” 1st ed. New Delhi, India, New Age International (P) Ltd. p. ISBN: 978-81-224-2541-3

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The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.