Latest Articles

Onion botanically named Allium cepa L. is a major crop of Alliaceae family. It is one of the largest commercially grown vegetables in the world including Afghanistan. This crop originated from Afghanistan and large number of its wild varieties are observed in the country. Local variety named Safid e Paisaye was selected for this investigation due to its capacity of longer storage and higher demand in the market. Very less research efforts are made to improve its bulb quality and share in the market. This investigation is carried out at Kabul university agriculture research farm in coordination with Amity University Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of land management and planting date on bulb physical properties of onion. The parameters studied in this investigation include bulb width (cm), length (cm), thickness (cm), geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, shape index, sphericity, roundness, ellipsoid ratio, frontal surface, cross sectional area, total area, number of scales, equatorial firmness (Kg/cm²) and polar firmness (Kg/cm²). The data is collected using required tools and was analyzed using R statistical analysis software. The results showed significant effect of planting date on physical properties of onion bulb. The first planting date (10^th May) recorded the largest bulb width (6.95 cm), length (4.42 cm), thickness (6.75 cm), geometric mean diameter (5.91 cm), arithmetic mean diameter (6.04 cm), frontal surface (24.26 cm²), cross sectional area (28.84 cm²) and total area (110.63 cm²). The same planting date recorded the lowest values for bulb shape index (0.64) and sphericity (0.85). Land management practices did not have significant effect on physical properties of onion bulb. None of the studied factors had significant effect on bulb roundness, ellipsoid ratio, number of scales, equatorial firmness and polar firmness. Conclusions: early planting of Safid e Paisaye onion seedlings can increase bulb size and improve bulb physical characteristics. This also helps to maintain the flat and round shape of onion bulb. Land preparation method and plough depth do not have significant influence on physical properties of onion bulb.

Download

Hamid Salari
Department of Horticulture, Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

B.S. Hansra
Department of Horticulture, Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Yashpal Singh Saharawat
Department of Soil Science, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India

1. FAOSTAT (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/commodities_by_country) Accessed: 10 March 2021
2. Onion export from Afghanistan, Tridge (https://www.tridge.com/intelligences/onion/AF/export) Accessed: 17 February 2021
3. Mehta I (2017) “Origin and History of Onions” IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 7–10)
4. Salari H, Hansra BS, Saharwat YS (2020) “Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye)” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–14) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068.jepr.1.1.02
5. Upadhyay DRK (2016) “Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses of Allium cepa: A review” International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP) (vol. 10, no. 1, ) https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v10i1.612 (https://www.greenpharmacy.info/index.php/ijgp/article/view/612) Accessed: 22 April 2020
6. Lanzotti V (2006) “The analysis of onion and garlic” Journal of Chromatography A (vol. 1112, no. 1, pp. 3–22) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.12.016
7. Kumar KPS, Bhowmik D, Tiwari P (2010) “Allium cepa: A traditional medicinal herb and its health benefits” J Chem Pharm Res (vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 283–291)
8. Bharti N, Ram BR (2014) “Estimating variation in the production, quality and economics of onion in response to transplanting dates and sulphur fertilization” European Academic Research (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 4831–4843)
9. Misra AD, Kumar A, Meitei I (2014) “Effect of spacing and planting time on growth and yield of onion var. N-53 under Manipur Himalayas” Indian Journal of Horticulture (vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 207–210)
10. Ali M, Rab A, Ali J, Ahmad H, Hayat S, et al. (2016) “Influence of transplanting dates and population densities on the growth and yield of onion” Pure and Applied Biology (vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 345–354) https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50045
11. Caruso G, Conti S, Villari G, Borrelli C, Melchionna G, et al. (2014) “Effects of transplanting time and plant density on yield, quality and antioxidant content of onion (Allium cepa L.) in southern Italy” Scientia Horticulturae (vol. 166, pp. 111–120) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2013.12.019
12. Khokhar KM (2017) “Environmental and genotypic effects on bulb development in onion – a review” The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology (vol. 92, no. 5, pp. 448–454) https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2017.1314199
13. Aboukhadrah S, Alsayed A, Sobhy L, Abdelmasieh W (2017) “Response of Onion Yield and Quality To Different Planting Date, Methods and Density” Egyptian Journal of Agronomy (vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 203–219) https://doi.org/10.21608/agro.2017.1203.1065
14. Ali J, Abdurrab, Muhammad H, Ali M, Rashid A, et al. (2016) “Effect of sowing dates and phosphorus levels on growth and bulb production of onion” Pure and Applied Biology (vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 406–417) https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50053
15. Prasad B, Maji S, Meena KR (2017) “Effect of date of transplanting and mulching on growth, yield and quality of onion (Allium cepa L.) cv. Nasik Red” JANS (vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 94–101) https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i1.1156
16. Gronle A, Lux G, Böhm H, Schmidtke K, Wild M, et al. (2015) “Effect of ploughing depth and mechanical soil loading on soil physical properties, weed infestation, yield performance and grain quality in sole and intercrops of pea and oat in organic farming” Soil and Tillage Research (vol. 148, pp. 59–73) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2014.12.004
17. Peter Y, Miglena D (2020) “Effect of different types of soil tillage for sunflower on some soil physical characteristics. Part II: bulk density and soil temperature” Helia (vol. 43, no. 73, pp. 133–149) https://doi.org/10.1515/helia-2020-0013
18. Jabro JD, Stevens WB, Iversen WM, Evans RG (2010) “Tillage Depth Effects on Soil Physical Properties, Sugarbeet Yield, and Sugarbeet Quality” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis (vol. 41, no. 7, pp. 908–916) https://doi.org/10.1080/00103621003594677
19. Ewis M, Abd K, Marey R, Abdellatif K (2017) “IMPROVING YIELD, STORABILITY AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR SOME ONION CULTIVARS BY DIFFERENT PLANTING METHODS” Fayoum J Agric Res & Dev, (vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 31–49)
20. Ahmed K, Nawaz MQ, Hussain SS, Rizwan M, Sarfraz M, et al. (2017) “Response of onion to different nitrogen levels and method of transplanting in moderately salt affected soil” Acta agriculturae Slovenica (vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 303–313) https://doi.org/10.14720/aas.2017.109.2.13
21. Kabul Monthly Climate Averages, WorldWeatherOnline.com (https://www.worldweatheronline.com/kabul-weather/kabol/af.aspx) Accessed: 10 March 2021
22. Priya EPB, Sharon MEM, Sinja VR (2015) “ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF CURED SMALL AND BELLARY ONIONS” International Journal of Agricultural Science and Research (IJASR) (vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 323–332)
23. Keshavarzpour F, Achakzai AKK (2013) “Fruit Shape Classification in Cantaloupe Using the Analysis of Geometrical Attributes” World Engineering & Applied Sciences Journal (vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–5) https://doi.org/DOI: 10.5829/idosi.weasj.2013.4.1.1109
24. Kurniawan YR, Hidayat DD, Luthfiyanti R, Andriansyah RCE, Indriati A (2020) “A comparative study on engineering properties of three varieties of shallots” IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci (vol. 462, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/462/1/012025
25. Ikrang EG, Okoko JU (2014) “Physical Properties of Some Tropical Fruits Necessary for Handling” Food Science and Quality Management (vol. 23, pp. 39–45)
26. Bosekeng G, Coetzer G (2013) “Response of Onion (Allium cepa L.) to sowing dates” African journal of agricultural research (vol. 8, no. 22, pp. 2757–2764) https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.7035
27. Gagopale B, Coetzer G (2015) “Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to sowing date and plant population in the Central Free State, South Africa” African Journal of Agricultural Research (vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 179–187) https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.8071

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) is the needed evaporative cooling system introduced as one of the economical small scale on-farm storage in Afghanistan for enhancing the shelf life of tomato and other fresh crops. Tomato is one of the highest value crops, and due to excellent flavor, higher juice, and pulp content of tomato fruits of “Pearson” variety makes it further valuable. Hence, this study aims to understand the effect of ZECC and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato’s fruits harvested at turning and light red colors’ stages. Fruits were treated with different concentrations of CaCl₂ and mint leaf extract solutions and kept in both ZECC and ambient storages. The shelf life of tomato fruits extended up to 29 days under T₄ (turning color fruits + 6% CaCl₂ + ZECC). Under the same treatment, the highest firmness as 840.0 grcm^-2   and the lowest PLW, Decay Losses and TSS were recorded as 1.80%, 0.0% and 4.40⁰ brix, respectively; on the 20^th day of the storage. The lowest shelf life under T₁₁ (Light red color fruits + distilled water dip + Ambient condition) was about 8 days. As a result, the ZECC as an evaporative cooling system significantly enhanced the shelf life and maintained the quality of tomato fruits harvested at the turning color stage treated with 6% CaCl_2.

Download

Sayed Samiullah Hakimi
Horticulture Department, Agriculture Faculty, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan
AIHSR, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Ravinder Raina
AFAF, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

Yashpal Singh Saharawat
SSAC, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India

1. Rayaguru K, Khan MK, Sahoo NR (2010) “Water use optimization in zero energy cool chambers for short term storage of fruits and vegetables in coastal area” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 437–441) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0072-7
2. Lal Basediya A, Samuel DVK, Beera V (2013) “Evaporative cooling system for storage of fruits and vegetables - a review” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 429–442) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0311-6
3. National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA) - Afghanistan (2019) “Afghanistan statistical yearbook  2018-19” (https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Afghanistan-Statistical-Yearbook-2018-19_compressed.pdf) Accessed: 1 December 2020
4. Dandago MA, Gungula D, Nahunnaro H (2017) “Effect of postharvest dip and storage condition on quality and shelf life of tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in Kura, Nigeria” Pakistan Journal of Food Sciences (vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 61–71)
5. Dhall RK, Singh P (2013) “Effect of Ethephon and Ethylene Gas on Ripening and Quality of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) during Cold Storage” Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences (vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000244
6. Dumas Y, Dadomo M, Lucca GD, Grolier P (2003) “Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidantcontent of tomatoes” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 369–382) https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1370
7. Pinheiro SCF, Almeida DPF (2008) “Modulation of tomato pericarp firmness through pH and calcium: Implications for the texture of fresh-cut fruit” Postharvest Biology and Technology (vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 119–125) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.06.002
8. Saraswathy S et al, Preethi TL, Balasubramanyan S, Suresh J, Revathy N, et al. (2013) “Postarvest management of horticultural crops” Jodhpur, Agrobios India. 36–37 p. ISBN: 978-81-7754-322-3
9. Islam MP, Morimoto T, Hatou K (2012) “Storage behavior of tomato inside a zero energy cool chamber” Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal (vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 209–217)
10. Islam MP, Morimoto T (2012) “Zero Energy Cool Chamber for Extending the Shelf-Life of Tomato and Eggplant” Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ (vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 257–267) https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.46.257
11. Abiso E, Satheesh N, Hailu A (2015) “Effect of storage methods and ripening stages on postharvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum Mill) cv. Chali” Annals. Food Science and Technology 2015 Targoviste, Romania, Valahia University Press, vol. 16 - pp. 127–137. (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9809/8738e65c315b8a4efc4c4adede4d821448ac.pdf?_ga=2.219181342.643294641.1587536878-321628801.1585267670) Accessed: 1 November 2019
12. Arthur E, Oduro I, Kumah P (2015) “Postharvest Quality Response of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum, Mill) Fruits to Different Concentrations of Calcium Chloride at Different Dip- Times” American Journal of Food and Nutrition (pp. 1–8)
13. Al-Sum BA (2013) “Antimicrobial activity of the aqueous extract of mint plant” SJCM (vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 110) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.19
14. Moghaddam M, Pourbaige M, Tabar HK, Farhadi N, Hosseini SMA (2013) “Composition and Antifungal Activity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil from Iran” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants (vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 506–512) https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.813265
15. A LB, Dv S, V B (2011) “Evaporative cooling system for storage of fruits and vegetables - a review.” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 429–442) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0311-6
16. Senevirathna P, Daundasekera W a. M (2010) “Effect of Senevirathna P, Daundasekera W a. M (2010) “Effect of postharvest calcium chloride vacuum infiltration on the shelf life and quality of tomato (cv. ’Thilina’)” Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) (vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 35–44) https://doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v39i1.2351
17. Moneruzzaman KM, Hossain ABMS, Sani W, Saifuddin M, Alenazi M (2009) “Effect of harvesting and storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Roma VF” Australian Journal of Crop Science (vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 113–121)
18. Casierra-Posada F, Aguilar-Avendaño ÓE (2008) “Quality of tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) harvested at different maturity stages” Agronomía Colombiana (vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 300–307)
19. Parker R, Maalekuu B (2013) “The effect of harvesting stage on fruit quality and shelf-life of four tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill).” undefined https://doi.org/10.5251/ABJNA.2013.4.3.252.259 (/paper/The-effect-of-harvesting-stage-on-fruit-quality-and-Parker-Maalekuu/a0df4840e653e4e8394bfd352330722f71aa105c) Accessed: 17 May 2021
20. Chepngeno J, Owino W, Kinyuru J, Nenguwo N (2016) “Effect of Calcium Chloride and Hydrocooling on Postharvest Quality of Selected Vegetables” Journal of Food Research (vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 23–40) https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n2p23
21. Wu T, Abbott JA (2002) “Firmness and force relaxation characteristics of tomatoes stored intact or as slices” Postharvest Biology and Technology (vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 59–68) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00133-8
22. Sabreen ML, l-Ali Ghalib NH, l-Shimmery (2011) “Effect of ripening class and dipping in calcium chloride and the storage time on storage characters of tomato fruits. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)” urnal Of Tikrit University For Agricultural Sciences (vol. 11, no. 4, )

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Currently, Afghanistan imports a high percentage of electric energy from the neighboring countries, while less attention has been paid on the utilization of internal domestic energy resources. Recently progress has been made with solar and wind energy, but other sources such as hydro energy remain underappreciated. Originally intended as a short-term solution to fulfill demand, the policy for importing power from neighboring countries is still in effect as energy demand has increased dramatically and exposed vulnerabilities in the existing power system. These issues can be categorized based on different aspects like technical, economic, political, security-related issues, natural disasters and many others that negatively affect the reliability of the energy sector. In this paper, the sustainability of the power system of Afghanistan is analyzed from different aspects. These multi-disciplinary problems are analyzed separately and linked with the weaknesses of the existing power system. The main objective of this study is to propose long-term solutions to the power sector by encouraging investment in the internal power generation to enhance sustainability and reliability. The proposed long-term solution also takes additional measures towards achieving sustainable development goals (SDG) such as economic growth, agricultural development, groundwater recharge, industrial development, flood and water control, job creation, and a green and clean environment.

Download

REPA

Wali M, Majidi H, Abdullah MA, Yaqobi MH (2020) “A study on sustainability of internal power generation compared with imported power in Afghanistan” Journal of Sustainability Outreach (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01

APA

Wali, M., Majidi, H., Abdullah, M. A., & Yaqobi, M. H. (2020). A study on sustainability of internal power generation compared with imported power in Afghanistan. Journal of Sustainability Outreach, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01

MLA

Wali, Mohebullah, et al. “A Study on Sustainability of Internal Power Generation Compared with Imported Power in Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainability Outreach, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–9, doi:10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Vancouver

Wali M, Majidi H, Abdullah MA, Yaqobi MH. A study on sustainability of internal power generation compared with imported power in Afghanistan. J Sustainability Outreach. 2020;1(1):1–9.

Chicago

Wali, Mohebullah, Himayatullah Majidi, Milad Ahmad Abdullah, and Mohammad Homayoun Yaqobi. 2020. “A Study on Sustainability of Internal Power Generation Compared with Imported Power in Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainability Outreach 1 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Elsevier

Wali, M., Majidi, H., Abdullah, M.A., Yaqobi, M.H., 2020. A study on sustainability of internal power generation compared with imported power in Afghanistan. J. Sustainability Outreach 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01 

IEEE

Wali, H. Majidi, M. A. Abdullah, and M. H. Yaqobi, “A study on sustainability of internal power generation compared with imported power in Afghanistan,” J. Sustainability Outreach, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Springer

Wali, M., Majidi, H., Abdullah, M.A., Yaqobi, M.H.: A study on sustainability of internal power generation compared with imported power in Afghanistan. J. Sustainability Outreach. 1, 1–9 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Mohebullah Wali
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Himayatullah Majidi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Milad Ahmad Abdullah
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mohammad Homayoun Yaqobi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

1. Afghanistan renewable energy development issues and options (2018) Washington, D.C. 107 p.

2. World Bank (2013) “Toward a sustainable energy future for all: Directions for the World Bank Group’s energy sector” Washington, D.C. 31 p.

3. Alamyar KM (2014) “Renewable energy for sustainable development” Kabul. 1–14 p.

4. Afghanistan rural renewable energy policy (2013) Kabul. 20 p.

5. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Afghanistan’s aspirations for energy independence: Water resources and hydropower energy” Renewable Energy (vol. 113, pp. 1276–1287) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.090

6. Neifer R (2014) “Technical assistance consultant’s report - Afghanistan: Addendum to the Afghanistan power sector master plan” Stuttgart. 127 p.

7. Afghan Energy Information Center (AEIC) (2012) “Electricity monthly production report” Kabul, Afghanistan, Afghan Energy Information Center (AEIC). (http://aeic.af/)

8. Power sector master plan. Technical assistance consultants report: Project number 43497 (2013) Kabul.

9. Ahmadzai S, McKinna A (2018) “Afghanistan electrical energy and trans-boundary water systems analyses: Challenges and opportunities” Energy Reports (vol. 4, pp. 435–469) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.06.003

10. Fichtner GmbH (2013) “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Power sector master plan” (pp. 451)

11. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Senjyu T, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Electricity Sector Development Trends in an After-war Country: Afghanistan Aspiration for an Independent Energy Country” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 553–557) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.08.007

12. Sadiqi M. (2012) “Basic design and cost optimization of a hybrid power system in rural communities in Afghanistan. MSc Thises.” The Kansas State University

13. Safi, R. & Sharma MP (2019) “Energy scenario of Afghanistan” IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) (vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 50–59)

14. Energy supply improvement investment program, sector assessment summary: Energy (2015) Kabul.

15. Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (2016) “CASA and TUTAP Power interconnection project” Islamabad. 16 p.

16. Bochkarev D (2014) “Afghanistan reconnected: Linking energy supplies toconsumers in Asia” New York. 28 p.

17. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) and Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) (2013) “Afghanistan Rural Renewable Energy Policy” Kabul, Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) and Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD).

18. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) (2011) “Afghanistan-NREL Resource Maps and Toolkits” National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). (https://www.osti.gov/biblio/982282-solar-wind-resource-assessments-afghanistan-pakistan) Accessed: 18 October 2019

19. Burns RK (2011) “Afghanistan: Solar assets, electricity production, and rural energy factors” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 2144–2148) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.12.002

20. Regional projects and masterplanning - Overview (2019) Inter-ministerial Commission of Energy (ICE)

21. Ershad AM (2017) “Institutional and policy assessment of renewable energy sector in Afghanistan” Journal of Renewable Energy (vol. 2017, pp. 1–10) https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5723152

22. Samadi AR (2011) “Energy consumption and available energy resources in Afghanistan” Kabul. 23 p.

23. Renewable energy department database (2015) Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) (https://nwara.gov.af/en) Accessed: 16 November 2019

24. Ahmadzai S, McKinna A (2018) “Afghanistan electrical energy and trans-boundary water systems analyses: Challenges and opportunities” Energy Reports (vol. 4, pp. 435–469) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.06.003

25. Meisen, P., Azizy P (2008) “Rural Electrification in Afghanistan: How do we electrify the villages of Afghanistan?” San Diego. 26 p.

26. Afghanistan renewable energy policy (2013) Kabul.

27. Afghanistan energy sector update (2016) Kabul.

28. Milbrandt A, Overend R (2011) “Assessment of biomass resources in Afghanistan” Colorado. 45 p.

29. Afghanistan living conditions survey 2013-2014: National risk and vulnerability assessment (2019) Kabul.

30. Fahimi A, Upham P (2018) “The renewable energy sector in Afghanistan: Policy and potential” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment (vol. 7, no. 2, pp. e280) https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.280

31. Ludin GA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2017) “Hybrid PV/Wind/Diesel Based Distributed Generation for an Off-Grid Rural Village in Afghanistan” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 2, ) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.02.003

32. Saba DS et al. (2004) “Geothermal energy in Afghanistan: prospects and potential” New York. 38 p.

33. Habib H (2014) “Water related problems in Afghanistan” International Journal of International Studies (vol. 01, no. 03, pp. 137–144) https://doi.org/10.29171/azu_acku_pamphlet_td313_a3_h335_2014

34. Palau RG (2013) “Water security: Afghanistan transboundary water resources in regional context” Transboundary Issues (vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–15)

35. Asian Development Bank (ADB) (2019) “Technical assistance consultant’s report - Feasibility study report component 3: Water supply” Kabul. 62 p.

36. Mundi index (2019) Index Mundi (https://www.indexmundi.com/) Accessed: 16 November 2019

37. Watson P (2011) “Kandahar struggles for reliable electricity” (https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2011/01/25/kandahar_struggles_for_reliable_electricity.html) Accessed: 16 November 2019

38. Glasse J (2013) “Eastern Afghanistan struggles for power”

39. Atef SS, Sadeqinazhad F, Farjaad F, Amatya DM (2019) “Water conflict management and cooperation between Afghanistan and Pakistan” Journal of Hydrology (vol. 570, pp. 875–892) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.12.075

40. Hanasz P (2012) “The politics of water security between Afghanistan and Iran” Published by Future Directions International Pty Ltd.

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The enormous potential supply of energy in central Asia offers an excellent opportunity to estab-lish international energy-sharing agreements, mitigate political instability, and improve regional socio-economic development. Pakistan and India have increasingly relied on energy imported from Middle and Central Asia to meet frequent energy shortages. Afghanistan has played a central role in recent efforts to balance energy trade among regional countries with an emerging opportunity as an emerging energy hub. This study considers what energy trade policies and strategies are needed to transform Afghanistan from energy consumer to energy provider. This analysis sum-marizes multi-disciplinary approaches that target geopolitics, economic, trade, management, insti-tutional, environmental, and technical aspects. This study avoided a commentary description of the subject. The overriding objective of this study is addressing key solutions to enable Afghani-stan as a leading stakeholder of the energy hub in the region countries. The finding of this study is outlined in 30 recommendations. Beneficiaries and stakeholders also express increasing concern about Afghanistan’s current security and political stability. This brief study can inform students, researchers, scholars, and interested policymakers with the recent trends and future outlook.

Download

REPA

Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Zaheb H, Sabory NR, Ahmadi M, et al. (2020) “Afghanistan as an emerging regional energy hub” Journal of Sustainability Outreach (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–14) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02

APA

Danish, M. S. S., Senjyu, T., Zaheb, H., Sabory, N. R., Ahmadi, M., Ibrahimi, A. M., Nazari, Z., & Ahadi, M. H. (2020). Afghanistan as an emerging regional energy hub. Journal of Sustainability Outreach, 1(1), 10–14. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02

MLA

Danish, Mir Sayed Shah, et al. “Afghanistan as an Emerging Regional Energy Hub.” Journal of Sustainability Outreach, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 10–14. Open WorldCat, doi:10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02.

Vancouver

Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Zaheb H, Sabory NR, Ahmadi M, Ibrahimi AM, et al. Afghanistan as an emerging regional energy hub. J Sustainability Outreach. 2020;1(1):10–4.

Chicago

Danish, Mir Sayed Shah, Tomonobu Senjyu, Hameedullah Zaheb, Najib Rahman Sabory, Mikaeel Ahmadi, Abdul Matin Ibrahimi, Zahra Nazari, and Mohammad Hamid Ahadi. 2020. “Afghanistan as an Emerging Regional Energy Hub.” Journal of Sustainability Outreach 1 (1): 10–14. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02.

Elsevier

Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T., Zaheb, H., Sabory, N.R., Ahmadi, M., Ibrahimi, A.M., Nazari, Z., Ahadi, M.H., 2020. Afghanistan as an emerging regional energy hub. J. Sustainability Outreach 1, 10–14. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02

IEEE

10. S. S. Danish et al., “Afghanistan as an emerging regional energy hub,” J. Sustainability Outreach, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–14, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02.

Springer

Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T., Zaheb, H., Sabory, N.R., Ahmadi, M., Ibrahimi, A.M., Nazari, Z., Ahadi, M.H.: Afghanistan as an emerging regional energy hub. J. Sustainability Outreach. 1, 10–14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.02.

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Hameedullah Zaheb
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahamadi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Abdul Matin Ibrahimi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Zahra Nazari
Department of Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul Polytechnic University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mohammad Hamid Ahadi
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa, Japan

1. Sadat SM (2015) “TAPI and CASA-1000: Win-Win Trade between Central Asia and South Asia” Norwegian Institute of International Affairs: OSCE Academy (vol. 25, pp. 1–18)

2. Sasaki D, Nakayama M (2015) “A study on the risk management of the CASA-1000 project” Hydrological Research Letters (vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 90–96) https://doi.org/10.3178/hrl.9.90

3. NS Energy (2019) “CASA-1000 Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission Project” EN Energy (https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/casa-1000-electricity-transmission/) Accessed: 3 October 2019

4. Central Asia-South Asia Electricity Transmission and Trade Project (CASA-1000) (n.d.) World Bank (https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/speech/2016/05/10/central-asia-south-asia-electricity-transmission-and-trade-project-casa-1000) Accessed: 8 April 2020

5. Huda MS, Ali SH (2017) “Energy diplomacy in South Asia: Beyond the security paradigm in accessing the TAPI pipeline project” Energy Research & Social Science (vol. 34, pp. 202–213) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.07.013

6. Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline Project (2018) Hydrocarbons Technology (https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/turkmenistan-afghanistan-pakistan-india-tapi-gas-pipeline-project/) Accessed: 3 October 2019

7. Yılmaz ML, Talash F (2017) “Afghanistan’s Integration to the New Silk Route” Journal of Security Studies (vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 57–73)

8. CASA-1000: perspectives (2018) The Chamber of Commerce and Industry Romania-Turkmenistan (https://ccirom-tkm.ro/2018/01/10/casa-1000-perspectives/) Accessed: 3 October 2019

9. Briefing SR (2018) “China to Join Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline?” Silk Road Briefing (https://www.silkroadbriefing.com/news/2018/09/06/china-join-turkmenistan-afghanistan-pakistan-india-pipeline/) Accessed: 3 October 2019

10. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, Yona A, et al. (2016) “An Open-door Immature Policy for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Afghanistan” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 8–13) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.12

11. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Senjyu T, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Electricity Sector Development Trends in an After-war Country: Afghanistan Aspiration for an Independent Energy Country” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 553–557) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.08.007

12. Danish MSS (2018) “A Managed Energy Framework for Least Developed Countries: Resilience to Energy Sustainability” (Doctoral Dissertation) Okinawa, Japan, University of the Ryukyus (http://ir.lib.u-ryukyu.ac.jp/handle/20.500.12000/41505?mode=full&metadispmode=lang)

13. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Zaheb H, Sabory NR, Ibrahimi AM, et al. (2019) “A novel transdisciplinary paradigm for municipal solid waste to energy” Journal of Cleaner Production (vol. 233, pp. 880–892)

14. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Ershad AM, Danish SMS, Yona A, et al. (2017) “Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning trough Exploitation of Renewable Energy” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.11

15. Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2014) “Pre-design and life cycle cost analysis of a hybrid power system for rural and remote communities in Afghanistan” The Journal of Engineering-IET (vol. 2014, no. 8, pp. 438–444) https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2014.0172

16. Inc I (2015) “Pakistan Energy Policy, Laws and Regulations Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws,” 1st ed. Lulu. 285 p. ISBN: 978-1-329-04854-6

17. Danish MSS, Elsayed MEL, Ahmadi M, Senjyu T, Karimy H, et al. (2020) “A strategic-integrated approach for sustainable energy deployment” Energy Reports (vol. 6, pp. 40–44) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.11.039

18. Danish MSS, Matayoshi H, Howlader HR, Chakraborty S, Mandal P, et al. (2019) “Microgrid Planning and Design: Resilience to Sustainability” 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia) Bangkok, Thailand, IEEE - pp. 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1109/GTDAsia.2019.8716010

19. Danish MSS, Zaheb H, Sabory NR, Karimy H, Faiq AB, et al. (2019) “The Road Ahead for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the 21st Century: A Novel-standardized Simulated Paradigm” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (vol. 291, pp. 1–5) https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/291/1/012009

20. Jewell J (2011) “The IEA Model of Short-term Energy Security (MOSES): Primary Energy Sources and Secondary Fuels International Energy Agency” Working Paper Paris, France, International Energy Agency (IEA). (https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/5k9h0wd2ghlv-en.pdf?expires=1586349622&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=7EC52F293F0493C53EEFF3390BC6E248) Accessed: 4 August 2020

21. Rostami R, Khoshnava SM, Lamit H, Streimikiene D, Mardani A (2017) “An overview of Afghanistan’s trends toward renewable and sustainable energies” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 76, pp. 1440–1464) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.172

22. Danish MSS, Funabashi T (2014) “Explicit recognition of Afghanistan’s power distribution networks problems and technical suggestions” TENCON 2014 - 2014 IEEE Region 10 Conference pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2014.7022402

23. Danish MSS, Senjyu TS (2020) “Green Building Efficiency and Sustainability Indicators” Green Building Management and Smart Automation , 1st ed. pp. 128–145.

24. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Ibrahimi AM, Ahmadi M, Howlader AM (2019) “A managed framework for energy-efficient building” Journal of Building Engineering (vol. 21, pp. 120–128) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2018.10.013

25. Ebel RE, Menon R (2000) “Energy and Conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus” Rowman & Littlefield. 290 p. ISBN: 978-0-7425-0063-1

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan hosts the Hindu Kush, an extension of the Himalaya mountains that act as water sources for five major rivers flowing through Afghanistan. Most of these rivers provide promise for the construction of water dams and installment of micro hydropower plants (MHP). Although civil war and political strife continue to threaten the country for more than four decades, the Afghan government introduced strategic plans for the development of the country. In 2016 Afghanistan introduced the Afghanistan National Peace and Development (ANPD) Framework at Brussels de-signed to support Afghanistan’s progress towards achieving the SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals). This study discussed the 7th Goal (ensuring access to affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy for all) and 8th Goal (promoting sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all) alignment in Afghanistan. The Afghan government acknowledges its responsibility to provide electricity for all of its citizens, but this can only be achieved if the government can secure a reliable source of energy. Afghanistan’s mountainous terrain provides a challenge to build a central energy distribution system. Therefore this study looks for alternative solutions to the energy problems in Afghanistan and explores feasibility of micro-hydropower plant installations in remote areas. This study evaluated socio-economic im-pacts of micro-hydropower plants in the life of average residents. We focused on one example of a micro hydropower plant located in Parwan, conducted interviews with local residents, and gathered on-site data. The findings in this study can help policymakers to analyze the effects of development projects in the social and economic life of residents. It will encourage the government and hopefully the private sector to invest in decentralized energy options, while the country is facing an ever-growing energy demand.

Download

REPA

Sadiq MAF, Sabory NR, Danish MSS, Senjyu T (2020) “Role of micro hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural in Afghanistan” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01

APA

Sadiq, M. A. F., Sabory, N. R., Danish, M. S. S., & Senjyu, T. (2020). Role of micro hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural in Afghanistan. Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01

MLA

Sadiq, Mohammad Airaj Firdaws, et al. “Role of Micro Hydropower Plants in Socio-Economic Development of Rural in Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–7, doi:10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Vancouver

Sadiq MAF, Sabory NR, Danish MSS, Senjyu T. Role of micro hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural in Afghanistan. J Sustain Energy Rev. 2020;1(1):1–7.

Chicago

Sadiq, Mohammad Airaj Firdaws, Najib Rahman Sabory, Mir Sayed Shah Danish, and Tomonobu Senjyu. 2020. “Role of Micro Hydropower Plants in Socio-Economic Development of Rural in Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution 1 (1): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Elsevier

Sadiq, M.A.F., Sabory, N.R., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T., 2020. Role of micro hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural in Afghanistan. J. Sustain Energy Rev. 1, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01

IEEE

10. A. F. Sadiq, N. R. Sabory, M. S. S. Danish, and T. Senjyu, “Role of micro hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural in Afghanistan,” J. Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01.

Springer

Sadiq, M.A.F., Sabory, N.R., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T.: Role of micro hydropower plants in socio-economic development of rural in Afghanistan. J. Sustain Energy Rev. 1, 1–7 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jso.1.1.01

Mohammad Airaj Firdaws Sadiq
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

1. Peters J, Harsdorff M, Ziegler F (2009) “Rural electrifica-tion: Accelerating impacts with complementary services” Energy for Sustainable Development (vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 38–42) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2009.01.004

2. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Afghanistan’s aspirations for energy inde-pendence: Water resources and hydropower energy” Re-newable Energy (vol. 113, pp. 1276–1287) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.090

3. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Senjyu T, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Electricity Sector Development Trends in an After-war Country: Afghanistan Aspiration for an In-dependent Energy Country” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 553–557) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.08.007

4. Ludin GA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2017) “Hybrid PV/Wind/Diesel Based Distributed Gen-eration for an Off-Grid Rural Village in Afghanistan” Jour-nal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 2, ) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.02.003

5. Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2014) “Pre-design and life cycle cost analysis of a hybrid power system for rural and remote communities in Afghanistan” The Journal of Engineering-IET (vol. 2014, no. 8, pp. 438–444) https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2014.0172

6. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, Yona A, et al. (2016) “An Open-door Immature Policy for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Afghanistan” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 8–13) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.12

7. unicef - for every child (n.d.) “Climate Change” Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (https://www.unicef.org/wash/3942_4472.html) Ac-cessed: 8 April 2020

8. The Ripple Effect: Climate change and children’s access to water and sanitation (n.d.) New York, USA, United Na-tions Children’s Fund (UNICEF). (https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/Climate_change_WASH_Brief.pdf) Accessed: 4 August 2020

9. A Look At Education In Post-Taliban Afghanistan (n.d.) TOLOnews (/opinion/look-education-post-taliban-afghanistan) Accessed: 8 April 2020

10. All in School and Learning: Global Initiative on Out-Of-School Children – Afghanistan Country Study (2018) Af-ghanistan country study Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Education, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (unicef). (https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/afg-report-oocs2018.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

11. Assisting vulnerable for change (n.d.) Helping Orphans (https://helpingorphans.co.uk/) Accessed: 8 April 2020

12. Schiffbauer J, O’Brien JB, Timmons BK, Kiarie WN (2008) “The role of leadership in HRH development in challeng-ing public health settings” Hum Resour Health (vol. 6, pp. 23) https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-6-23

13. Strategic Plan for the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) 2011-2015 (2011) (https://www.gfmer.ch/country-coordinators/pdf/Ministry-Public-Health-Strategic-Plan-2011-2015-Afghanistan.pdf) Accessed: 4 August 2019

14. Wood Smoke and Your Health (2013) EPA - United States Environmental Protection Agency (https://www.epa.gov/burnwise/wood-smoke-and-your-health) Accessed: 8 April 2020

15. Upgrading Rural Afghanistan’s Water Supply (2018) USAID Global Waters (https://medium.com/usaid-global-waters/upgrading-a-war-torn-country-rural-water-supply-13ece938aca2) Accessed: 8 April 2020

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan is one of the developing countries in South Asia with an enormous renewable and nonrenewable energy resources. Since 1893, utilization of secondary (modern) form of energy in Afghanistan has been pursued. The trends of sustainable energy provision have been reinforced after the post-conflicts in Afghanistan. The Sustainable Development Goal-7 (affordable and clean energy access) encourages nations to assess their resource development of renewable, affordable, and accessible energy. Unlike many developing countries that struggle to identify domestic sources of clean, sustainable energy, Afghanistan has hydro, solar, wind, and geothermal resources as assets. This literature review analyzes Afghanistan’s potential for renewable energy to identify obstacles and challenges like security, economics, and technology. Using surveys conducted by national and international organizations. This research evaluates Afghanistan’s progress in meeting SDG-7, identifies the main barriers for renewable energy development, and offers recommended solutions. This study reveals the facts of energy sector development in Afghanistan to enable students, researchers, and practitioners with an overview of the current situation and future direction of the energy sector. Also, this study offers a concise outlook for energy sector investors and donors at the national and international stages.

Download

REPA

Slimankhil AK, Anwarzai MA, Sabory NR, Danish MSS, Ahmadi M, et al. (2020) “Renewable energy potential for sustainable development in Afghanistan” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–15) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02

APA

Slimankhil, A. K., Anwarzai, M. A., Sabory, N. R., Danish, M. S. S., Ahmadi, M., & Ahadi, M. H. (2020). Renewable energy potential for sustainable development in Afghanistan. Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution, 1(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02

MLA

Slimankhil, Ahmad Khalid, et al. “Renewable Energy Potential for Sustainable Development in Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 8–15. Zotero, doi:10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02.

Vancouver

Slimankhil AK, Anwarzai MA, Sabory NR, Danish MSS, Ahmadi M, Ahadi MH. Renewable energy potential for sustainable development in Afghanistan. J Sustain Energy Rev. 2020;1(1):8–15.

Chicago

Slimankhil, Ahmad Khalid, Mohammad Abed Anwarzai, Najib Rahman Sabory, Mir Sayed Shah Danish, Mikaeel Ahmadi, and Mohammad Hamid Ahadi. 2020. “Renewable Energy Potential for Sustainable Development in Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution 1 (1): 8–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02.

Elsevier

Slimankhil, A.K., Anwarzai, M.A., Sabory, N.R., Danish, M.S.S., Ahmadi, M., Ahadi, M.H., 2020. Renewable energy potential for sustainable development in Afghanistan. J. Sustain Energy Rev. 1, 8–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02

IEEE

10. K. Slimankhil, M. A. Anwarzai, N. R. Sabory, M. S. S. Danish, M. Ahmadi, and M. H. Ahadi, “Renewable energy potential for sustainable development in Afghanistan,” J. Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 8–15, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02.

Springer

Slimankhil, A.K., Anwarzai, M.A., Sabory, N.R., Danish, M.S.S., Ahmadi, M., Ahadi, M.H.: Renewable energy potential for sustainable development in Afghanistan. J. Sustain Energy Rev. 1, 8–15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.02.

Ahmad Khalid Slimankhil
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mohammad Abed Anwarzai
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mikaeel Ahmadi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mohammad Hamid Ahadi
Department of Academic Affairs, Research and Education Promotion Association (REPA), Okinawa, Japan

1. Energy and climate change (2015) WEO-2015 Special Report Paris, France, International Energy Agency (IEA). (https://webstore.iea.org/weo-2015-special-report-energy-and-climate-change) Accessed: 7 April 2020

2. Global energy demand grew by 2.1% in 2017, and car-bon emissions rose for the first time since 2014 (2018) International Energy Agency (AEI) (https://www.iea.org/news/global-energy-demand-grew-by-21-in-2017-and-carbon-emissions-rose-for-the-first-time-since-2014) Accessed: 7 April 2020

3. Ekouevi K, Tuntivate V (2012) “Household energy access for cooking and heating: lessons learned and the way forward,” 1st ed. Washington DC, USA, The World Bank. p. ISBN: 978-1-78076-013-1

4. Masih Sediqi M, Or Rashid Howlader H, Matin Ibrahimi A, Sayed Shah Danish M, Rahman Sabory N, et al. (2017) “Development of renewable energy resources in Afghani-stan for economically optimized cross-border electricity trading” AIMS Energy (vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 691–717) https://doi.org/10.3934/energy.2017.4.691

5. Afghanistan population (2020) - Worldometer (2020) Worldometer (https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/afghanistan-population/) Accessed: 7 April 2020

6. Rezaei M, Naghdi-Khozani N, Jafari N (2020) “Wind en-ergy utilization for hydrogen production in an underde-veloped country: An economic investigation” Renewable Energy (vol. 147, pp. 1044–1057) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.09.079

7. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Afghanistan’s aspirations for energy inde-pendence: Water resources and hydropower energy” Re-newable Energy (vol. 113, pp. 1276–1287) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.090

8. Jahangiri M, Haghani A, Mostafaeipour A, Khosravi A, Raeisi HA (2019) “Assessment of solar-wind power plants in Afghanistan: A review” Renewable and Sustaina-ble Energy Reviews (vol. 99, pp. 169–190) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.003

9. Ershad AM (2017) “Institutional and policy assessment of renewable energy sector in Afghanistan” Journal of Re-newable Energy (vol. 2017, pp. e5723152) https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5723152

10. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Senjyu T, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Electricity sector transitions in an after war country: A review of Afghanistan’s Electricity” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 491–496) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.07.008

11. Electricity imports statistics (2017) Kabul, Afghanistan, Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS).

12. Domestic hydro generation (2020) Afghanistan Inter-Ministerial Commission for Energy (ICE) (https://sites.google.com/site/iceafghanistan/electricity-supply/domestic-generation-1/domestic-hydro-generation) Accessed: 7 April 2020

13. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Senjyu T, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Electricity sector development trends in an after-war country: Afghanistan aspiration for an inde-pendent energy country” Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 553–557) https://doi.org/10.17265/1934-8975/2017.08.007

14. Bank AD (2015) “Sustainable energy for all status report: tracking progress in the Asia and the Pacific: A summary report,” 1st ed. Asian Development Bank. 158 p. ISBN: 978-92-9257-112-2

15. Yaqobi MA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Lotfy ME, How-lader AM, et al. (2019) “Low-voltage solid-state DC breaker for fault protection applications in isolated DC microgrid cluster” Applied Sciences (vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 723–735) https://doi.org/10.3390/app9040723

16. Danish MSS, Matayoshi H, Howlader HOR, Chakraborty S, Mandal P, et al. (2019) “Microgrid planning and design: Resilience to sustainability” Bangkok, Thailand, IEEE

17. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Danish SMS, Sabory NR, K N, et al. (2019) “A recap of voltage stability indices in the past three decades” Energies (vol. 12, no. 8, pp. 1544) https://doi.org/10.3390/en12081544

18. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Ershad AM, Danish SMS, Yona A, et al. (2017) “Sustainable architecture and urban plan-ning trough exploitation of renewable energy” Interna-tional Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.11

19. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, Yona A, et al. (2016) “An open-door immature policy for rural electrification: A case study of Afghanistan” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 8–13) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.12

20. Georgeson L, Maslin M (2018) “Putting the United Na-tions sustainable development goals into practice: A re-view of implementation, monitoring, and finance” Geo: Geography and Environment (vol. 5, no. 1, ) https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.49

21. Goal 7-Affordable and clean energy (2020) Energy - United Nations Sustainable Development (https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/energy/) Accessed: 7 April 2020

22. Renewable energy and jobs: Annual teview 2018 (2018) Abu Dhabi, UAE, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/May/IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2018.pdf) Accessed: 4 July 2020

23. Voluntary national review at the high level political forum SDGs’ - Afghanistan (2017) Progress report Kabul, Af-ghanistan, General Directorate of Policy & RBM, Ministry of Economy. (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16277Afghanistan.pdf) Accessed: 4 July 2020

24. Afghanistan poverty status update – Progress at risk (2017) World Bank (https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/publication/afghanistan-poverty-status-update-report-2017) Accessed: 7 April 2020

25. Najafizada SAM (2017) “Policy research institutions and the health SDGs: building momentum in South Asia” Country Report: Afghanistan Kabul, Afghanistan, Afghani-stan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU). (https://idl-bnc-idrc.dspacedirect.org/handle/10625/57091) Ac-cessed: 7 April 2020

26. Renewables 2016: Global status report (2017) Paris, France, REN21 Secretariat. (https://www.ren21.net/wp-con-tent/uploads/2019/05/REN21_GSR2016_FullReport_en_11.pdf) Accessed: 4 July 2020

27. Danish MSS, Funabashi T (2014) “Explicit recognition of Afghanistan’s power distribution networks problems and technical suggestions” 2014 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) Bangkok, Thailand, IEEE - pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2014.7022402 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7022402)

28. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2017) “Afghanistan hydropower plants” (www.mew.gov.af) Accessed: 4 July 2019

29. Afghanistan renewable energy policy (2017) (Afghani-stan Renewable Energy Policy) Accessed: 16 November 2019

30. Statistics (2019) Global wind energy council (https://gwec.net/members-area-market-intelligence/statistics/) Accessed: 7 April 2020

31. Country presentation - The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (2016)

32. Gencer, Irving, Meier, Spencer, Wnuk C (2018) “Energy security trade-offs under high uncertainty: Resolving Af-ghanistan’s power sector development dilemma” Kabul, Afghanistan, World Bank. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326331194_Energy_security_trade-offs_under_high_uncertainty_Resolving_Afghanistans_power_sector_development_dilemma) Accessed: 7 April 2020

33. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2019) “MEW statistics” (http://mew.gov.af/) Accessed: 4 July 2019

34. Global solar capacity grew faster than fossil fuels in 2017 (2018) Carbon Brief (https://www.carbonbrief.org/global-solar-capacity-grew-faster-than-fossil-fuels-2017-report) Accessed: 7 April 2020

35. Renewable energy roadmap for Afghanistan (2015-2017) (2017) Kabul, Afghanistan, Asian Development Bank (ADB). (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/151922/47266-001-tar.pdf) Accessed: 1 No-vember 2019

36. Global solar atlas - Afghanistan (2019) global solar atlas (https://globalsolaratlas.info/download/afghanistan) Ac-cessed: 7 April 2020

37. Anwarzai MA (2018) “Research and analysis of Afghani-stan’s wind, solar, and geothermal resources potential” (Doctoral Dissertation) Tokyo, Japan, Search Results Web results Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (https://tuat.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=1487&item_no=1&attribute_id=16&file_no=1) Accessed: 4 April 2020

38. Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2013) “A brief outlook of Afghanistan electricity” IEEJ Procedding Okinawa, Japan, IEEJ, vol. OKI-2013-51 -

39. Afghanistan Independent Land Authority (2019) Devel-opment aid (https://www.developmentaid.org/) Ac-cessed: 7 April 2020

40. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Zaheb H, Sabory NR, Ibrahimi AM, et al. (2019) “A novel transdisciplinary paradigm for municipal solid waste to energy” Journal of Cleaner Pro-duction (vol. 233, pp. 880–892) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.402

41. Danish MSS, Zaheb H, Sabory NR, Karimy H, Faiq AB, et al. (2019) “The Road Ahead for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the 21st Century: A Novel-standardized Simulated Paradigm” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (vol. 291, pp. 012009) https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/291/1/012009

42. Danish MSS, Senjyu T (2020) “Green building efficiency and sustainability indicators” Green building manage-ment and smart automation: , 1st ed. Pennsylvania, Unit-ed States, IGI Global - pp. 128–145. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9754-4

43. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Yaqobi MA, Nazari Z, Matayoshi H, et al. (2018) “The role of ICT in corruption elimination: A holistic approach”2018 IEEE 9th Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Con-ference (IEMCON) Vancouver, BC, Canada, IEEE - pp. 859–864. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEMCON.2018.8614890

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Cities are predicted to host 80 % of the populations by 2050 condiering the current urbanization rate. It is inevitable. No choice is left to us but to keep our cities clean and livable. Efficient use of energy is tightly linked with the smart cities. Looking at the technology development trends and the extensive need for efficient use of energy, cities must be transforming to smart ones in order to keep them clean and livable for this and generations to come. Kabul city population has been growing so rapidly and also expanding widely to its outskirts in the last two decades. Environmental footprints has been so significant and diverse. One of the critical issue with Kabul city has been the access to clean and abundant sources of Energy. At the same time, lack of a  master plan for its future has made this city in the danger of become empty from the habitants in few decades. This is very important to draw future now. Develop a new vision for our cities that is meeting the requirements of future. Kabul city needs one badly. One important area of a city to be discussed is its energy demand, supply and consumption. In this research, energy demand, sustainable sources of energy supply and consumption is thoroughly discussed. Based on our key assumption, livable and clean Kabul, all the other parameters are analyzed and suggested. In specific, we have discussed the energy demand for electricity, heating & cooling of buildings, transportation and industry. It is also assumed that Kabul will be modern and smart city with state of the art technology available all around it. Key data and references for this research are;1. Sasaki Urban Design Framework for Kabul city, 2. Previous master plans of Kabul city, 3. Energy strategies and outlooks for Afghanistan, 4. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and many other guidelines internationally used for urban planning and design. This research will help policy makers, urban planners and designers, municipality authorities, other urban issues related sectors to work jointly and make smart and rational decisions for the capital of Afghanistan and save it from going abandoned.

Download

REPA

Sabory NR, Danish MSS, Senjyu T (2020) “Energy related implications for clean, livable and smart Kabul: A policy recommendation for the energy sector and urban sector of Afghanistan” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 16–19) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03

APA

Sabory, N. R., Danish, M. S. S., & Senjyu, T. (2020). Energy related implications for clean, livable and smart Kabul: A policy recommendation for the energy sector and urban sector of Afghanistan. Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution, 1(1), 16–19. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03

MLA

Sabory, Najib Rahman, et al. “Energy Related Implications for Clean, Livable and Smart Kabul: A Policy Recommendation for the Energy Sector and Urban Sector of Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 16–19, doi:10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03.

Vancouver

Sabory NR, Danish MSS, Senjyu T. Energy related implications for clean, livable and smart Kabul: A policy recommendation for the energy sector and urban sector of Afghanistan. J Sustain Energy Rev. 2020;1(1):16–9.

Chicago

Sabory, Najib Rahman, Mir Sayed Shah Danish, and Tomonobu Senjyu. 2020. “Energy Related Implications for Clean, Livable and Smart Kabul: A Policy Recommendation for the Energy Sector and Urban Sector of Afghanistan.” Journal of Sustainable Energy Revolution 1 (1): 16–19. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03.

Elsevier

Sabory, N.R., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T., 2020. Energy related implications for clean, livable and smart Kabul: A policy recommendation for the energy sector and urban sector of Afghanistan. J. Sustain Energy Rev. 1, 16–19. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03

IEEE

10. R. Sabory, M. S. S. Danish, and T. Senjyu, “Energy related implications for clean, livable and smart Kabul: A policy recommendation for the energy sector and urban sector of Afghanistan,” J. Sustain Energy Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 16–19, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03.

Springer

Sabory, N.R., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T.: Energy related implications for clean, livable and smart Kabul: A policy recommendation for the energy sector and urban sector of Afghanistan. J. Sustain Energy Rev. 1, 16–19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jser.1.1.03.

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

1. Dodman D, Diep L, Colenbrander S (2017) “Resilience and resource fffciency in cities” Nairobi, Kenya, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/20629/Resilience_resource_efficiency_cities.pdf?sequence=1&ampisAllowed=) Accessed: 1 November 2019

2. Batty M, Axhausen KW, Giannotti F, Pozdnoukhov A, Bazzani A, et al. (2012) “Smart cities of the future” The European Physical Journal Special Topics (vol. 214, no. 1, pp. 481–518) https://doi.org/10.1140/epjst/e2012-01703-3

3. United Nations (UN) (2020) “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs) Accessed: 1 November 2019

4. Energy technology perspectives 2016: Towards sustaina-ble urban energy systems (2016) Executive summary Paris, France, International Energy Agency (IEA). (https://webstore.iea.org/download/summary/1057) Accessed: 1 November 2019

5. World urbanization prospects (2019) The 2018 revision New York, USA, United Nations (UN). (https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

6. Cajot S, Peter M, Bahu J-M, Koch A, Maréchal F (2015) “Energy Planning in the Urban Context: Challenges and Perspectives” Energy Procedia (vol. 78, pp. 3366–3371) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.752

7. Essam E. Khalil HA, Khalil EE (2019) “Energy efficiency in the urban environment,” 1st ed. Florida, USA, CRC Press. 304 p. ISBN: 978-0-367-37781-6

8. Central Statistics Organization (CSO) (2019) “Afghani-stan statistics” (http://cso.gov.af/fa) Accessed: 1 Novem-ber 2019

9. Huovila A, Bosch P, Airaksinen M (2019) “Comparative analysis of standardized indicators for Smart sustainable cities: What indicators and standards to use and when?” Cities (vol. 89, pp. 141–153) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.029

10. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (2011) “Seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 17)” Seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 17) (https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/durban-climate-change-conference-november-2011/cop-17) Accessed: 1 November 2019

11. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2017) “Afghanistan Renewable Energy Policy” (Afghan-istan Renewable Energy Policy) Accessed: 16 November 2019

12. Voluntary national review at the high level political forum SDGs’ - Afghanistan (2017) Progress report Kabul, Af-ghanistan, General Directorate of Policy & RBM, Ministry of Economy. (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/16277Afghanistan.pdf) Accessed: 4 July 2020

13. Sasaki (2017) “Kabul urban design framework,” 1st ed. Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. (https://www.sasaki.com/projects/kabul-urban-design-framework/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

14. Institutional Development for Energy in Afghanistan (IDEA) Programme - GIZ (2017) “Enabling PV Afghani-stan” Berlin, Germany, Institutional Development for En-ergy in Afghanistan (IDEA) Programme - GIZ. (https://www.solarwirtschaft.de/fileadmin/user_upload/report_enabling_pv_afg.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

15. Rittel HWJ, Webber MM (1973) “Dilemmas in a general theory of planning” Policy Sci (vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 155–169) https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Loss of land, disputes on sharing costs, and benefits of transboundary waterways are points of debate between neighboring countries. Unfortunately, weak, undeveloped countries always suffer more than their stronger neighbors. Due to economic, political, and institutional problems, Afghanistan is one country that faces challenges to develop the potential of its water resources. Each year, Amu River flooding causes great losses of land due to massive bank degradations and erosions for up to several kilometers. Currently little progress has been made to study, research, or manage the bank erosions of the Amu River. In the absence of field data, the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM) may be used to analyze stream bank stability and toe erosion. This study was conducted to describe the Amu River stream bank using the BSTEM model for a restoration process. A field survey was conducted from February 3, 2019, to February 23, 2019; soil type, layer thickness, water table depth, and stream bank profile are entered into the BSTEM model with two different flow depths according to insights from villagers and well-diggers. Mass failure and toe erosion are two dominant mechanisms of Amu River bank failure, and the effectiveness of vegetation on bank protection is observed.

Download

REPA

Rasouli MO, Sadat SH, Xenarios S (2020) “Evaluating stream bank instability and toe erosion using BSTEM model for the Amu river” Journal of Environmental Science Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–6) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01

APA

Rasouli, M. O., Sadat, S. H., & Xenarios, S. (2020). Evaluating stream bank instability and toe erosion using BSTEM model for the Amu river. Journal of Environmental Sciences Revolution, 1(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01

MLA

Rasouli, Mohammad Omar, et al. “Evaluating Stream Bank Instability and Toe Erosion Using BSTEM Model for the Amu River.” Journal of Environmental Sciences Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–6, doi:10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01.

Vancouver

Rasouli MO, Sadat SH, Xenarios S. Evaluating stream bank instability and toe erosion using BSTEM model for the Amu river. J Environ Sci Rev. 2020;1(1):1–6.

Chicago

Rasouli, Mohammad Omar, Sayed Hashmat Sadat, and Stefanos Xenarios. 2020. “Evaluating Stream Bank Instability and Toe Erosion Using BSTEM Model for the Amu River.” Journal of Environmental Sciences Revolution 1 (1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01.

Elsevier

Rasouli, M.O., Sadat, S.H., Xenarios, S., 2020. Evaluating stream bank instability and toe erosion using BSTEM model for the Amu river. J. Environ. Sci. Rev. 1, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01

IEEE

10. O. Rasouli, S. H. Sadat, and S. Xenarios, “Evaluating stream bank instability and toe erosion using BSTEM model for the Amu river,” J. Environ. Sci. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01.

Springer

Rasouli, M.O., Sadat, S.H., Xenarios, S.: Evaluating stream bank instability and toe erosion using BSTEM model for the Amu river. J. Environ. Sci. Rev. 1, 1–6 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.01.

Mohammad Omar Rasouli
Department Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Sayed Hashmat Sadat
Department Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Stefanos Xenarios
Graduate School of Public Policy, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan

1. Lavendel B (2002) “The Business of Ecological Restoration” Ecological Restoration (vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 173–178)

2. Bernhardt ES, Palmer MA, Allan JD, Alexander G, Barnas K, et al. (2005) “Synthesizing U.S. River Restoration Efforts” Science (vol. 308, no. 5722, pp. 636–637) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109769

3. Sadat SH (2015) “Modification of spur-dike with footing or pile-group to stabilize river morphology and reduce local scour” (PhD Dissertation) Nagoya, Japan, Nagoya Institute of Technology (https://nitech.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=3168&item_no=1&attribute_id=13&file_no=2) Accessed: 1 November 2019

4. Langendoen Eddy J., Simon Andrew (2008) “Modeling the Evolution of Incised Streams: Streambank Erosion (Part 2)” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering (vol. 134, no. 7, pp. 905–915) https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:7(905)

5. Reisner DE, Pradeep T, Pradeep T (2014) “Aquananotechnology: Global Prospects,” 1st ed. Florida, United States, CRC Press. 887 p. ISBN: 978-0-429-18563-2 (https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429185632) Accessed: 1 November 2019

6. Simon A, Curini A, Darby SE, Langendoen EJ (2000) “Bank and near-bank processes in an incised channel” Geomorphology (vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 193–217) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00036-2

7. Location of study area in Amu river (2018) (https://landlook.usgs.gov/viewer.html) Accessed: 27 June 2018

8. Land Cover, Afghanistan (FAO) (2010) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (http://www.un-spider.org/links-and-resources/data-sources/land-cover-afghanistan-fao) Accessed: 1 November 2019

9. Ariathurai R, Arulanandan K (1978) “Erosion Rates of Cohesive Soils” Journal of the Hydraulics Division (vol. 104, no. 2, pp. 279–283)

10. Klavon K, Fox G, Guertault L, Langendoen E, Enlow H, et al. (2017) “Evaluating a process-based model for use in streambank stabilization: insights on the Bank Stability and Toe Erosion Model (BSTEM)” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms (vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 191–213) https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.4073

11. Hanson GJ, Simon A (2001) “Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA” Hydrological Processes (vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 23–38) https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.149

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The upper portion of the ‎Panjshir River watershed consists of steep mountain ‎valleys in the Hindu Kush mountain range, which reaches over 6,000 meters above sea ‎level and remains snow covered throughout the year. The Glacier Lakes there pose a potential flood risk to the Panjshir valley. As the weather is warming ‎globally, the increasing temperatures accelerate the melting rate of the ‎glacier, causing the mountain ice caps to melt and create numerous lakes. Over the last decade, two of these lakes ruptured, leaving dozens of deaths, many hectares of land farm washed out, and hundreds of houses destroyed. This study looks at the potential impact of climate change on villagers in the province.‎ Hydro-‎‎meteorological data ‎(wind, temperature, precipitation, and runoff) from five meteorological stations over the last decade were analyzed with satellite imagery. Discharge data at the outlet of this sub-basin over ten years were also analyzed with remote sensing data for higher accuracy and validity.‎ Rising regional climate temperatures have resulted in faster snow and glacier melting, causing more discharge, high evapotranspiration, and higher ‎water demand. Although precipitation decreased between 2008 and 2018, ‎discharge increased from melting glaciers.‎ Satellite imagery reveals 234 lakes in the valley; ‎‎66 lakes have potential or high potential risk to the six districts of this province, and Paryan district is at most risk.

Download

REPA

Sajood MK, Safi AG (2020) “Climate change impact on glacier lakes in Panjshir province of Afghanistan” Journal of Environmental Science Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–17) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02

APA

Sajood, M. K., & Safi, A. G. (2020). Climate change impact on glacier lakes in Panjshir province of Afghanistan. Journal of Environmental Sciences Revolution, 1(1), 7–17. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02

MLA

Sajood, Mariam Khulmi, and Abdul Ghias Safi. “Climate Change Impact on Glacier Lakes in Panjshir Province of Afghanistan.” Journal of Environmental Sciences Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 7–17, doi:10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02.

Vancouver

Sajood MK, Safi AG. Climate change impact on glacier lakes in Panjshir province of Afghanistan. J Environ Sci Rev. 2020;1(1):7–17.

Chicago

Sajood, Mariam Khulmi, and Abdul Ghias Safi. 2020. “Climate Change Impact on Glacier Lakes in Panjshir Province of Afghanistan.” Journal of Environmental Sciences Revolution 1 (1): 7–17. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02.

Elsevier

Sajood, M.K., Safi, A.G., 2020. Climate change impact on glacier lakes in Panjshir province of Afghanistan. J. Environ. Sci. Rev. 1, 7–17. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02

IEEE

10. K. Sajood and A. G. Safi, “Climate change impact on glacier lakes in Panjshir province of Afghanistan,” J. Environ. Sci. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 7–17, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02.

Springer

Sajood, M.K., Safi, A.G.: Climate change impact on glacier lakes in Panjshir province of Afghanistan. J. Environ. Sci. Rev. 1, 7–17 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jesr/1.1.02.

Mariam Khulmi Sajood
Department of Hydrometeorology, Faculty of Geoscience, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Abdul Ghias Safi
Department of Hydrometeorology, Faculty of Geoscience, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

1. Arez GJ (2007) “Afghanistan natural geography” Kabul University (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 59–71)

2. Mir RA, Jain SK, Lohani AK, Saraf AK (2018) “Glacier recession and glacial lake outburst flood studies in Zanskar basin, western Himalaya” Journal of Hydrology (vol. 564, pp. 376–396) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.05.031

3. Drenkhan F, Guardamino L, Huggel C, Frey H (2018) “Current and future glacier and lake assessment in the deglaciating Vilcanota-Urubamba basin, Peruvian Andes” Global and Planetary Change (vol. 169, pp. 105–118) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.07.005

4. Puspitarini HD, François B, Zaramella M, Brown C, Borga M (2020) “The impact of glacier shrinkage on energy production from hydropower-solar complementarity in alpine river basins” Science of The Total Environment (vol. 719, pp. 137488) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137488

5. Carrivick JL, Tweed FS (2019) “A review of glacier outburst floods in Iceland and Greenland with a megafloods perspective” Earth-Science Reviews (vol. 196, pp. 102876) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102876

6. Sun J, Zhou T, Liu M, Chen Y, Shang H, et al. (2018) “Linkages of the dynamics of glaciers and lakes with the climate elements over the Tibetan Plateau” Earth-Science Reviews (vol. 185, pp. 308–324) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2018.06.012

7. Shrestha M, Koike T, Hirabayashi Y, Xue Y, Wang L, et al. (2015) “Integrated simulation of snow and glacier melt in water and energy balance-based, distributed hydrological modeling framework at Hunza River Basin of Pakistan Karakoram region” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (vol. 120, no. 10, pp. 4889–4919) https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022666

8. Taniwal MZ (2018) “Afghanistan general geography” Karwan University (vol. 59, )

9. Sajood MK (2019) “DEM (ASTER satellite imagery); ET (Evapotranspiration), LST (Temperature) and Precipitation – Monthly satellite imagery” (https://worldview.earthdata.nasa.gov/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

10. Veh G, Korup O, Walz A (2020) “Hazard from Himalayan glacier lake outburst floods” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 907–912) https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914898117

11. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2018) “Afghanistan agrometeorological bulleting” (http://mew.gov.af/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

12. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2018) “Hydrological data” (http://mew.gov.af/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Climate change and global warmings are the main challenges for today and the future nations from the health and environment perspectives. Energy generation utilizing fossil fuel is the leading cause of these issues. On its opposite side, elimination or suppression of fossil fuel utilization by introducing clean and abundant renewable energy resources could be the best solution. In general, renewable energies have  low efficiency and high capital cost compared to conventional fossil fuel-based energy supply. Therefore, without considering proper approaches and techniques, it is not encouraging  to supply energy through renewable energy resources. Conquering the problem, we need to find the best method and ways to create cheap and efficient energy by renewable sources as possible. In this paper, a methodology is investigated and proposed to simultaneously save energy and cost considering useful parameters such as the effect of different modules, temperature, location, and tilt angle. An estimation-based tool developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) known as PV Watts, which is utilized in this paper. A 10 kW photovoltaic system with three different modules in two different locations Kabul and Kandahar in Afghanistan is selected as a case study. From the results, it is found that selection of a specific module for a specific region with different temperatures and appropriate title angles has a significant effect on the performance of photovoltaic systems. It is worthy of mention that before implementing a photovoltaic system, different aspects of the system should be evaluated using proper software/tools in order to achieve optimal energy performance. Finally, better energy system performance contributes to the attraction of investment in renewable energy resources as a clean and sustainable energy supply option.

Download

REPA

Mohammadi K, Sabory NR, Karimi K, Ahmadi M, Danish MSS, et al. (2020) “Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01

APA

Mohammadi, K., Sabory, N. R., Karimi, K., Ahmadi, M., Danish, M. S. S., & Senjyu, T. (2020). Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01

MLA

Mohammadi, Khalil, et al. “Performance Evaluation of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Modules: A Case Study.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–8, doi:10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Vancouver

Mohammadi K, Sabory NR, Karimi K, Ahmadi M, Danish MSS, Senjyu T. Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. J Eng Technol Rev. 2020;1(1):1–8.

Chicago

Mohammadi, Khalil, Najib Rahman Sabory, Kambiz Karimi, Mikaeel Ahmadi, Mir Sayed Shah Danish, and Tomonobu Senjyu. 2020. “Performance Evaluation of Different Photovoltaic (PV) Modules: A Case Study.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution 1 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Elsevier

Mohammadi, K., Sabory, N.R., Karimi, K., Ahmadi, M., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T., 2020. Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01

IEEE

10. Mohammadi, N. R. Sabory, K. Karimi, M. Ahmadi, M. S. S. Danish, and T. Senjyu, “Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study,” J. Eng. Technol. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Springer

Mohammadi, K., Sabory, N.R., Karimi, K., Ahmadi, M., Danish, M.S.S., Senjyu, T.: Performance evaluation of different photovoltaic (PV) modules: A case study. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr/1.1.01.

Khalil Mohammadi
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Najib Rahman Sabory
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Kambiz Karimi
Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Mikaeel Ahmadi
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Mir Sayed Shah Danish
Strategic Research Projects Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

1. Danish MSS, Yona A, Senjyu T (2014) “Pre-design and life cycle cost analysis of a hybrid power system for rural and remote communities in Afghanistan” The Journal of Engineering-IET (vol. 2014, no. 8, pp. 438–444) https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2014.0172

2. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, Yona A, et al. (2016) “An Open-door Immature Policy for Rural Electrification: A Case Study of Afghanistan” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 8–13) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.12

3. Yaqobi MA, Matayoshi H, Danish MSS, Urakaki N, Howlader AM, et al. (2018) “Control and Energy Management Strategy of Standalone DC Microgrid Cluster using PV and Battery Storage for Rural Application” International Journal of Power and Energy Research (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 53–68) https://doi.org/10.22606/ijper.2018.24001

4. Susowake Y, Ibrahimi AM, Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Howlader AM, et al. (2018) “Multi-Objective Design of Power System Introducing Seawater Electrolysis Plant for Remote Island” IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia) Singapore, Singapore, IEEE - pp. 908–911. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISGT-Asia.2018.8467912 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8467912)

5. Tobaru S, Muarapaz CC, Conteh F, Senjyu T, Howlader AM, et al. (2016) “Design of hybrid renewable energy systems considering optimal real-time pricing” 2016 IEEE Region 10 Conference (TENCON) Singapore, Singapore, IEEE - pp. 3206–3209. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2016.7848641 (https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7848641)

6. Ahmadi M, Lotfy ME, Howlader AM, Yona A, Senjyu T (2019) “Centralised multi-objective integration of wind farm and battery energy storage system in real-distribution network considering environmental, technical and economic perspective” Transmission Distribution IET Generation (vol. 13, no. 22, pp. 5207–5217) https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2018.6749

7. Danish MSS, Matayoshi H, Howlader HOR, Chakraborty S, Mandal P, et al. (2019) “Microgrid Planning and Design: Resilience to Sustainability” 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia) Bangkok, Thailand, IEEE - pp. 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1109/GTDAsia.2019.8716010

8. Danish MSS, Sabory NR, Ershad AM, Danish SMS, Yona A, et al. (2017) “Sustainable Architecture and Urban Planning trough Exploitation of Renewable Energy” International Journal of Sustainable and Green Energy (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijrse.s.2017060301.11

9. Ahmadi M, Lotfy ME, Danish MSS, Ryuto S, Yona A, et al. (2019) “Optimal multi-configuration and allocation of SVR, capacitor, centralised wind farm, and energy storage system: a multi-objective approach in a real distribution network” IET Renewable Power Generation (vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 762–773) https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rpg.2018.5057

10. Ahmadi M, Lotfy ME, Shigenobu R, Yona A, Senjyu T (2018) “Optimal sizing and placement of rooftop solar photovoltaic at Kabul city real distribution network” Transmission Distribution IET Generation (vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 303–309) https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-gtd.2017.0687

11. Chikate BV, Sadawarte Y (2015) “The factors affecting the performance of solar cell” International journal of computer applications (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 0975–8887)

12. Jain D, Lalwani M (2017) “A Review on Optimal Inclination Angles for Solar Arrays” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER) (vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 1053–1061)

13. Deb SK (2000) “Chapter 584 - Recent Developments in High-Efficiency PV Cells” In: Sayigh AAM - editor. World Renewable Energy Congress VI Oxford, Pergamon - pp. 2658–2663. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008043865-8/50584-5

14. Nair KK, Jose J, Ravindran A (2016) “Analysis of temperature dependent parameters on solar cell efficiency using MATLAB” (vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 6)

15. Jäger K-D, Isabella O, Smets AHM, Swaaij RACMM van, Zeman M (2016) “Solar energy: fundamentals, technology and systems” p. ISBN: 978-1-906860-73-8

16. Masters GM (2004) “Renewable and Efficient Electric Power Systems,” 2nd ed. USA, Wiley. 647 p. ISBN: 0-471-28060-7 (http://www.a-ghadimi.com/files/Courses/RenewableEnergy/REN_Book.pdf)

17. PVWATTS free solar calculator (2019) Photovoltaic Software (https://photovoltaic-software.com/pv-softwares-calculators/online-free-photovoltaic-software/pvwatts-nrel) Accessed: 9 April 2020

18. Dash PK, Gupta NC (2015) “Effect of temperature on power output from different commercially available photovoltaic modules” International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 148–151)

19. Singh P, Ravindra NM (2012) “Temperature dependence of solar cell performance: An analysis” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (vol. 101, pp. 36–45) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2012.02.019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Energy has been harvested from water, wind and solar as isolated distributed generation (DG) to electrify rural households and villages in Afghanistan. Several solar PV and wind farms have been or planned to be built as isolated distributed generators in those provinces that have no access to national grid.  While it is ideal that the national electrical grid be extended to those provinces and regions, these distributed generators are not compatible with the operating voltage specifications of the national grid. In this study, we have focused on changing the topology of distribution grid at the planning and design stage by introducing active devices to control voltage, especially in the weak nodes of the grid. At substations which convert DG to MV/LV, using two active devices such as On Load Tap Changing-Phase Shifting Transformer (OLTC-PST) and Static Synchronize Compensator (STATCOM) should be considered in the design. The integration a 1-MW wind power distributed generator in Panjshir province of Afghanistan with the national grid network is considered. Introducing these active devices that increases the installed DG power in weak networks is analyzed. An operation and control strategy for the Active Substation is verified by temporal power flow simulations. The results show that using these active devices can increase the active power injection capability in weak networks.

Download

REPA

Joya AJ, Shirani H (2020) “Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution  (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–15) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02

APA

Joya, A. J., & Shirani, H. (2020). Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, 1(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02

MLA

Joya, Ali Jan, and Habiburahman Shirani. “Active Substation Design for Distributed Generation Integration in Afghanistan’s Grid.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 9–15, doi:10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Vancouver

Joya AJ, Shirani H. Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. J Eng Technol Rev. 2020;1(1):9–15.

Chicago

Joya, Ali Jan, and Habiburahman Shirani. 2020. “Active Substation Design for Distributed Generation Integration in Afghanistan’s Grid.” Journal of Engineering and Technology Revolution 1 (1): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Elsevier

Joya, A.J., Shirani, H., 2020. Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02

IEEE

10. J. Joya and H. Shirani, “Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid,” J. Eng. Technol. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–15, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Springer

Joya, A.J., Shirani, H.: Active substation design for distributed generation integration in Afghanistan’s grid. J. Eng. Technol. Rev. 1, 9–15 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jetr.1.1.02.

Ali Jan Joya
Ministry of Energy and Water, Kabul, Afghanistan

Habiburahman Shirani
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

1. Danish MSS, Senjyu T, Sabory NR, Danish SMS, Ludin GA, et al. (2017) “Afghanistan’s aspirations for energy independence: Water resources and hydropower energy” Renewable Energy (vol. 113, pp. 1276–1287) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.06.090

2. Ahmadzai S, McKinna A (2018) “Afghanistan electrical energy and trans-boundary water systems analyses: Challenges and opportunities” Energy Reports (vol. 4, pp. 435–469) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2018.06.003

3. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2019) “MEW Statistics” (http://mew.gov.af/) Accessed: 4 July 2020

4. Hallett M (2009) “Distributed power in Afghanistan: The Padisaw micro-hydro project” Renewable Energy (vol. 34, no. 12, pp. 2847–2851) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2009.06.001

5. Martins VF, Borges CLT (2011) “Active Distribution Network Integrated Planning Incorporating Distributed Generation and Load Response Uncertainties” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 2164–2172) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2011.2122347

6. Verboomen J, Van Hertem D, Schavemaker PH, Kling WL, Belmans R (2005) “Phase shifting transformers: principles and applications” 2005 International Conference on Future Power Systems Amsterdam, Netherlands, IEEE - pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/FPS.2005.204302

7. Siddiqui AS, Khan S, Ahsan S, Khan MI, Annamalai (2012) “Application of phase shifting transformer in Indian Network” 2012 International Conference on Green Technologies (ICGT) Trivandrum, India, IEEE - pp. 186–191. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGT.2012.6477970

8. El-Moursi MS, Sharaf AM (2005) “Novel controllers for the 48-pulse VSC STATCOM and SSSC for voltage regulation and reactive power compensation” IEEE Transactions on Power Systems (vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1985–1997) https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2005.856996

9. Goikoetxea A, Barrena JA, Rodriguez MA, Abad G (2009) “Active substation design to maximize DG integration” 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech Bucharest, Romania, IEEE - pp. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PTC.2009.5282156

10. Rao P, Crow ML, Yang Z (2000) “STATCOM control for power system voltage control applications” IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery (vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 1311–1317) https://doi.org/10.1109/61.891520

11. Shahzad U, Asgarpoor S (2017) “A Comprehensive Review of Protection Schemes for Distributed Generation” Energy and Power Engineering (vol. 9, no. 8, pp. 430–463) https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2017.98029

12. Chetty A, Shoaib M, Sreedevi A (2014) “An Overview of Distributed Generation” International Journal of Modern Engineeirng Research (vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 35–41)

13. Padiyar KR (2007) “FACTS Controllers in Power Transmission and Distribution,” 1st ed. New Delhi, India, New Age International (P) Ltd. p. ISBN: 978-81-224-2541-3

14. Zayandehroodi H, Mohamed A, Shareef H, Mohammadjafari M (2011) “Distributed Generator and Their Effects on Distribution System Protection Performance” Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences (vol. 5, no. 10, pp. 398–405)

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Having been a war zone for the last four decades, Afghanistan is one of the developing countries where affordable access to quality education is still a dream for many of its people. According to the 2017 UNICEF Annual Report, over 40% (3.7 million) of school-age children were out of school in Afghanistan. In order to better design projects and programs that are working towards reducing this number, it is necessary first to understand the root causes of the issue. The objective of this research is to assess and analyze some of the various social and economic barriers that keep children out of school in Kabul City and hence, offer additional key information and recommendations for limiting this critical issue. Primary data of 300 children were collected through a survey conducted randomly in Kabul City. The target population of this survey were working children (between the ages of 5 and 18) and parents from households of different ethnic, linguistic, and regional backgrounds. Poverty and cultural limitations were found to be the most common factors preventing Afghan children from going to school. Other factors like access, physical disability, guardian’s type and education level, lack of infrastructure, child labor, and gender discrimination may also contribute to this issue. Results of the analysis suggest that government agencies can play a significant role in facilitating affordable access to quality education for all children by extending coverage of public schools, offering reasonable financial grants for poor families in order to avoid the need for child labor, and bringing necessary legal reforms in the traditional norms to discourage child marriage and gender discrimination.

Download

REPA

Khan AB (2020) “Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan:  A case study of Kabul city” Journal of Management and Business Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01

APA

Khan, A. B. (2020). Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan: A case study of Kabul city. Journal of Business and Management Revolution, 1(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01

MLA

Khan, Abdul Baseer. “Socio-Economic Barriers to Children’s Education in Afghanistan:  A Case Study of Kabul City.” Journal of Business and Management Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–9. Zotero, doi:10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01.

Vancouver

Khan AB. Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan:  A case study of Kabul city. J Bus Manage Rev. 2020;1(1):1–9.

Chicago

Khan, Abdul Baseer. 2020. “Socio-Economic Barriers to Children’s Education in Afghanistan:  A Case Study of Kabul City.” Journal of Business and Management Revolution 1 (1): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01.

Elsevier

Khan, A.B., 2020. Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan:  A case study of Kabul city. J. Bus. Manage. Rev. 1, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01

IEEE

10. B. Khan, “Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan:  A case study of Kabul city,” J. Bus. Manage. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01.

Springer

Khan, A.B.: Socio-economic barriers to children’s education in Afghanistan:  A case study of Kabul city. J. Bus. Manage. Rev. 1, 1–9 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jbmr.1.1.01.

Abdul Baseer Khan
Department of Business, Faculty of Business Administration, American University of Afghanistan (AUAF), Kabul, Afghanistan

1. All in school and learning: Global Initiative on out-of-school children – Afghanistan country study (2018) Afghanistan country study Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Education, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (unicef). (https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/afg-report-oocs2018.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

2. Central Statistics Organization (CSO) - Afghanistan (2018) “Afghanistan living conditions survey (2016-2017)” Analysis report Kabul, Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization (CSO) of Afghanistan. (https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2018-07/AfghanistanALCS2016-17Analysisreport.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

3. Auturupane H, Gunatilake R, Shojo M, Ebenezer R (2013) “Education attainment in Afghanistan: An economic analysis” Discussion Paper Series Washington DC., USA, The World Bank. (https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/16285) Accessed: 1 November 2019

4. Lin T, Lv H (2017) “The effects of family income on children’s education: An empirical analysis of CHNS data” Proceeding on the 4th International Conference on Information Technology and Career Education Asian Academic Press - pp. 49–54. https://doi.org/10.24104/rmhe/2017.04.02002

5. Hunte P (2006) “Looking beyond the school walls: Household decision-making and school enrolment in Afghanistan” Briefing Paper Kabul, Afghanistan, Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU). (https://areu.org.af/publication/607/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

6. Guimbert S, Miwa K, Thanh Nguyen D (2008) “Back to school in Afghanistan: Determinants of school enrollment” International Journal of Educational Development (vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 419–434) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2007.11.004

7. Shayan Z (2015) “Gender Inequality in Education in Afghanistan: Access and Barriers” Open Journal of Philosophy (vol. 05, no. 05, pp. 277–284) https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpp.2015.55035

8. From access to equality: empowering girls and women through literacy and secondary education (2012) Paris, France, United Nations Education, Science and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000218450) Accessed: 1 November 2019

9. Pherali T, Sahar A (2018) “Learning in the chaos: A political economy analysis of education in Afghanistan” Research in Comparative and International Education (vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 239–258) https://doi.org/10.1177/1745499918781882

10. Berry J de, Fazili A, Farhad S, Nasiry F, Hashemi S, et al. (2003) “The children of Kabul: Discussions with Afghan families” Kabul, Afghanistan, Save the Children Federation, Inc. (https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/node/2601/pdf/2601.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Reducing poverty is a critical topic of policy discussion across the world. Developing countries and post-conflict environments commonly face poverty growth. At present, Afghanistan is experiencing the highest rate of poverty in the world; only one tenth of the Afghan population has access to financial services that are mostly localized within the capital and regional cities. In this paper I hypothesize financial inclusion as a contextualized model that can significantly reduce the rate of poverty. I use a set of timeseries data on financial inclusion determinants excluding insurance as the explanatory variables and linearly regress them on the rate of poverty from 2004 to 2018. The statistical results reveal that ATMs per 100,000 adults in the country significantly reduce poverty by 0.25% by increasing capital mobility and remittances. Credit cards and borrowing facilities to the informal economy have significant coefficients of 0.00635% and 0.0207% respectively on poverty reduction as an emergent strategy. The security variable has a significant coefficient of 41% reduction of poverty. Among all other variables tested, extending mobile money facilities is also significant and reduces poverty by 0.015%.

Download

REPA

Azimi MN (2020) “Hypothesizing resurgence of financial inclusion to reduce poverty in Afghanistan” Journal of Management and Business Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–13) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02

APA

Azimi, M. N. (2020). Hypothesizing resurgence of financial inclusion to reduce poverty in Afghanistan. Journal of Business and Management Revolution, 1(1), 10–13. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02

MLA

Azimi, Mohammad Naim. “Hypothesizing Resurgence of Financial Inclusion to Reduce Poverty in Afghanistan.” Journal of Business and Management Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 10–13, doi:10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02.

Vancouver

Azimi MN. Hypothesizing resurgence of financial inclusion to reduce poverty in Afghanistan. J Bus Manage Rev. 2020;1(1):10–3.

Chicago

Azimi, Mohammad Naim. 2020. “Hypothesizing Resurgence of Financial Inclusion to Reduce Poverty in Afghanistan.” Journal of Business and Management Revolution 1 (1): 10–13. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02.

Elsevier

Azimi, M.N., 2020. Hypothesizing resurgence of financial inclusion to reduce poverty in Afghanistan. J. Bus. Manage. Rev. 1, 10–13. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02

IEEE

10. N. Azimi, “Hypothesizing resurgence of financial inclusion to reduce poverty in Afghanistan,” J. Bus. Manage. Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10–13, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02.

Springer

Azimi, M.N.: Hypothesizing resurgence of financial inclusion to reduce poverty in Afghanistan. J. Bus. Manage. Rev. 1, 10–13 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jmbr.1.1.02.

Mohammad Naim Azimi
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Faculty of Economics, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

1. Ayub M (2013) “Poverty and Inequality” Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies (vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 329–346) https://doi.org/10.1177/0974910113505796

2. Chibba M (2009) “Financial inclusion, poverty reduction and the millennium development goals” European Journal of Development Research (vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 213–230) https://doi.org/10.1057/ejdr.2008.17

3. Kapoor A (2014) “Financial inclusion and the future of the Indian economy” Futures (vol. 56, pp. 35–42) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2013.10.007

4. Morgan P, Pontines V (2014) “Financial Stability and Financial Inclusion”

5. Donovan K (2012) “Mobile Money for Financial Inclusion” Information and Communications for Development, World Bank Group (pp. 61–73) https://doi.org/10.1596/9780821389911_ch04

6. Finance M of (2018) “National Financial Inclusion Strategy”

7. Ghosh J (2013) “Microfinance and the challenge of financial inclusion for development” Cambridge Journal of Economics (vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1203–1219) https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bet042

8. Mader P (2018) “Contesting Financial Inclusion” Development and Change (vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 461–483) https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12368

9. Zins A, Weill L (2016) “The determinants of financial inclusion in Africa” Review of Development Finance (vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 46–57) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2016.05.001

10. Fungáčová Z, Weill L (2014) “Understanding financial inclusion in China” China Economic Review (vol. 34, pp. 196–206) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2014.12.004

11. Demirguc-kunt, A., and Klapper L (2012) “Measuring financial inclusion. The Global findex database” p. ISBN: 978-0-8213-9509-7

12. Breusch TS, Pagan AR (1979) “A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation” Econometrica (vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 1287–1294) https://doi.org/10.2307/1911963

13. Jarque CM, Bera AK (1980) “Efficient tests for normality, homoscedasticity and serial independence of regression residuals” Economics Letters (vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 255–259) https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1765(80)90024-5

14. Collier P (2007) “Poverty reduction in Africa” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America pp. 16763–16768. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611702104

15. Allen F, Carletti E, Cull R, Qian JQJ, Senbet L, et al. (2014) “The African financial development and financial inclusion gaps” Journal of African Economies (vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 614–642) https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/eju015

16. Soederberg S (2013) “Universalising Financial Inclusion and the Securitisation of Development” Third World Quarterly (vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 593–612) https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.786285

17. Beck T, Senbet L, Simbanegavi W (2015) “Financial Inclusion and Innovation in Africa: An Overview” Journal of African Economies (vol. 24, no. 1, pp. i3–i11) https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/eju031

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) is one of the important commercial high value crops of Afghanistan. Among the different local varieties grown in Afghanistan, the “Pearson” variety is most popular because of its good commercial value due to its uniform globe shape and medium to large size. The study is conducted to understand the effects of different harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on the shelf life and postharvest quality of tomatoes (Pearson variety) stored under the Pusa Zero Energy Cool Chamber (ZECC) at the research farm of Agriculture Faculty, Kabul University. This is the first time that ZECC is introduced in Afghanistan for enhancing fruit shelf life. The standard dimension ZECC was built with 165 x 115 x 67.6 cm dimensions. After harvesting tomatoes at different maturity stages (Turning, Pink, and Light red color stages), fruits were precooled, graded, and treated with different concentrations of CaCl₂ and mint leaf extract solutions. Thereafter, the tomatoes were placed in plastic baskets and stored in the Zero Energy Cool Chamber. During storage period, Total Soluble Solids (TSS, ⁰brix), pH, firmness (gr cm^-2), shelf life, pericarp thickness (mm), fruit volume (cc), and fruit density were recorded. Two factorial CRD design was considered with harvesting stages as the first factor and postharvest treatments as the second factor. The data revealed that the shelf life of tomatoes was extended up to 29 days under T₂ (turning color fruits treated with 6% CaCl₂) and followed by T₈ (turning color fruits treated with 6% CaCl₂ + 6% mint Leaves extract) up to 28 days. Under T₂, quality parameters such as TSS and pH increased from 3.85%brix and 2.85 to 4.4 ⁰brix and 3.4, respectively. Firmness, pericarp and volume decreased from 1750 grcm^-2, 0.75cm and 135 cc to 840 grcm^-2, 0.67cm and 127 cc, respectively. At the last observation, density remained unchanged (1.00 gr/cc).  In conclusion, tomatoes harvested at the turning-color stage treated with 6% CaCl₂ and followed by 6% CaCl₂ + 6% mint leaves’ extract had a significant effect on the enhancement of shelf life and quality of tomatoes under ZECC condition.

Download

REPA

Hakimi SS, Dubey N, Saharawat YS (2020) “Effect of harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum Mill. var. Pearson) stored under ZECC condition” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01

APA

Hakimi, S. S., Dubey, N., & Saharawat, Y. S. (2020). Effect of harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum Mill. Var. Pearson) stored under ZECC condition. Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01

MLA

Hakimi, Sayed Samiullah, et al. “Effect of Harvesting Stages and Postharvest Treatments on Shelf Life and Quality of Tomato (Ly- Copersicon Esculentum Mill. Var. Pearson) Stored under ZECC Condition.” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 1–8, doi:10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01.

Vancouver

Hakimi SS, Dubey N, Saharawat YS. Effect of harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum Mill. var. Pearson) stored under ZECC condition. J Ecosci Plant Rev. 2020;1(1):1–8.

Chicago

Hakimi, Sayed Samiullah, Neeru Dubey, and Yashpal Singh Saharawat. 2020. “Effect of Harvesting Stages and Postharvest Treatments on Shelf Life and Quality of Tomato (Ly- Copersicon Esculentum Mill. Var. Pearson) Stored under ZECC Condition.” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution 1 (1): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01.

Elsevier

Hakimi, S.S., Dubey, N., Saharawat, Y.S., 2020. Effect of harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum Mill. var. Pearson) stored under ZECC condition. J. Ecosci. Plant Rev. 1, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01

IEEE

10. S. Hakimi, N. Dubey, and Y. S. Saharawat, “Effect of harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum Mill. var. Pearson) stored under ZECC condition,” J. Ecosci. Plant Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–8, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01.

Springer

Hakimi, S.S., Dubey, N., Saharawat, Y.S.: Effect of harvesting stages and postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of tomato (Ly- copersicon esculentum Mill. var. Pearson) stored under ZECC condition. J. Ecosci. Plant Rev. 1, 1–8 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.01.

Sayed Samiullah Hakimi
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

Neeru Dubey
Amity International Centre for Post-Harvest Technology and Cold Chain Management, Faculty of Horticulture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Yashpal Singh Saharawat
Department of Soil Science and Agriculture Chemistry (SSAC), Department of Soil Science, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India

1. Agriculture Statistic Department (2017) Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock (https://www.mail.gov.af/en) Accessed: 1 November 2019

2. Saraswathy S, Preethi TL, Balasubramanyan S, Suresh J, Revathy N, et al. (2008) “Postharvest management of horticultural crops,” 1st ed. Rajasthan, India, Agrobios (India). 577 p. ISBN: 978-81-7754-322-3

3. Arthur E, Oduro I, Kumah P (2015) “Postharvest Quality Response of Tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum, Mill) Fruits to Different Concentrations of Calcium Chloride at Different Dip- Times” American Journal of Food and Nutrition (pp. 1–8)

4. Al-Sum BA, Al-Arfaj AA (2014) “Antimicrobial Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Mint Plant” Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 110) https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20130203.19

5. Moghaddam M, Pourbaige M, Tabar HK, Farhadi N, Hosseini SMA (2013) “Composition and Antifungal Activity of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) Essential Oil from Iran” Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants (vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 506–512) https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2013.813265

6. A LB, Dv S, V B (2011) “Evaporative cooling system for storage of fruits and vegetables - a review.” J Food Sci Technol (vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 429–442) https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0311-6

7. Islam MP, Morimoto T, Hatou K (2012) “Storage behavior of tomato inside a zero energy cool chamber” Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal (vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 209–217)

8. Islam MP, Morimoto T (2012) “Zero Energy Cool Chamber for Extending the Shelf-Life of Tomato and Eggplant” Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly: JARQ (vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 257–267) https://doi.org/10.6090/jarq.46.257

9. Abiso E, Satheesh N, Hailu A (2015) “Effect of storage methods and ripening stages on postharvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicom esculentum Mill) cv. Chali” Annals. Food Science and Technology 2015 Targoviste, Romania, Valahia University Press, vol. 16 - pp. 127–137. (https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/9809/8738e65c315b8a4efc4c4adede4d821448ac.pdf?_ga=2.219181342.643294641.1587536878-321628801.1585267670) Accessed: 1 November 2019

10. Casierra-Posada F, Aguilar-Avendaño ÓE (2008) “Quality of tomato fruits (Solanum lycopersicum L.) harvested at different maturity stages” Agronomía Colombiana (vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 300–307)

11. Dhall RK, Singh P (2013) “Effect of Ethephon and Ethylene Gas on Ripening and Quality of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) during Cold Storage” Journal of Nutrition & Food Sciences (vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 1–7) https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9600.1000244

12. Dumas Y, Dadomo M, Lucca GD, Grolier P (2003) “Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidantcontent of tomatoes” Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture (vol. 83, no. 5, pp. 369–382) https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.1370

13. Parker R, Maalekuu B (2013) “The effect of harvesting stage on fruit quality and shelf-life of four tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)” Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America (vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 252–259) https://doi.org/10.5251/abjna.2013.4.3.252.259

14. Chepngeno J, Owino W, Kinyuru J, Nenguwo N (2016) “Effect of Calcium Chloride and Hydrocooling on Postharvest Quality of Selected Vegetables” Journal of Food Research (vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 23–40) https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n2p23

15. Senevirathna P, Daundasekera W a. M (2010) “Effect of postharvest calcium chloride vacuum infiltration on the shelf life and quality of tomato (cv. ’Thilina’)” Ceylon Journal of Science (Biological Sciences) (vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 35–44) https://doi.org/10.4038/cjsbs.v39i1.2351

16. Pinheiro SCF, Almeida DPF (2008) “Modulation of tomato pericarp firmness through pH and calcium: Implications for the texture of fresh-cut fruit” Postharvest Biology and Technology (vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 119–125) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.06.002

17. Wu T, Abbott JA (2002) “Firmness and force relaxation characteristics of tomatoes stored intact or as slices” Postharvest Biology and Technology (vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 59–68) https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(01)00133-8

18. Moneruzzaman KM, Hossain ABMS, Sani W, Saifuddin M, Alenazi M (2009) “Effect of harvesting and storage conditions on the post harvest quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cv. Roma VF” Australian Journal of Crop Science (vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 113–121)

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is among the most cultivated vegetable crops in the world. Afghanistan is thought to be the origin as several local and wild varieties are found in different parts of the country. Safid e Paisaye is a local variety grown in central parts of Afghanistan in the Ghorband valley. This variety has long storability and high market demand among restaurants in the region, but little research has been done to increase the quality and its availability to the market to increase its market share in Afghanistan. Conducted under supervision of Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India, at Agriculture Faculty Research Farm of Kabul University, this investigation looks at plough depth, land preparation methods, and planting date on quality and yield of onion bulb; it also studied other cultural practices including irrigation and fertilization dose and frequency. The parameters studied in this investigation include neck diameter (cm), bulb diameter (cm), neck to bulb ratio, bulb weight (gr), bulb volume (cm³), bulb density (gr/cm³), Total Soluble Solids (TSS) (Brix), firmness (Kg/cm²), marketable yield (MT/Ha), and total yield (MT/Ha). The data revealed that planting date has significant influence on bulb quality and yield of onion. The highest bulb diameter (6.95 cm), bulb weight (121 gr), bulb volume (128 cm3), marketable yield (32.54 MT/Ha), and total yield (34.24 MT/Ha) and the lowest neck to bulb ratio (0.04) were recorded for the first planting date (seed sown in nursery on 10 March - seedlings planted in field on 10 May). Land preparation methods only had significant influence on marketable yield; the highest marketable yield (26.90 MT/Ha) was recorded for flat bed land preparation method. Plough depth had no significant influence on onion quality and yield. Bulb density, TSS,and firmness were not significantly influenced by factors studied in this investigation. Conclusions: early sowing and planting of onion variety Safid e paisaye can significantly increase yield and productivity. Flat bed land preparation method is more suitable for higher productivity of onion variety Safid e Paisaye as compared to raised beds.

Download

REPA

Salari H, Hansra BS, Saharwat YS (2020) “Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye)” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–14) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02

APA

Salari, H., Hansra, B. S., & Saharwat, Y. S. (2020). Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye). Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution, 1(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02

MLA

Salari, Hamid, et al. “Effect of Cultural Practices on Quality and Yield of Onion (Allium Cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye).” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution, vol. 1, no. 1, 2020, pp. 9–14. Zotero, doi:10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02.

Vancouver

Salari H, Hansra BS, Saharwat YS. Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye). J Ecosci Plant Rev. 2020;1(1):9–14.

Chicago

Salari, Hamid, B S Hansra, and Yashpal Singh Saharwat. 2020. “Effect of Cultural Practices on Quality and Yield of Onion (Allium Cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye).” Journal of Ecoscience and Plant Revolution 1 (1): 9–14. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02.

Elsevier

Salari, H., Hansra, B.S., Saharwat, Y.S., 2020. Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye). J. Ecosci. Plant Rev. 1, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02

IEEE

10. Salari, B. S. Hansra, and Y. S. Saharwat, “Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye),” J. Ecosci. Plant Rev., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 9–14, 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02.

Springer

Salari, H., Hansra, B.S., Saharwat, Y.S.: Effect of cultural practices on quality and yield of onion (Allium cepa L. Var. Safid e Paisaye). J. Ecosci. Plant Rev. 1, 9–14 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/jepr/1.1.02.

Hamid Salari
Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Kabul University, Kabul, Afghanistan

B.S. Hansra
Department of Horticulture, Amity Institute of Horticulture Studies and Research, Amity University, Noida, India

Yashpal Singh Saharwat
Department of Soil Science, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India

1. Commodities by countries (2017) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#rankings/commodities_by_country) Accessed: 1 November 2019

2. Mehta I (2017) “Origin and History of Onions” IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (vol. 22, no. 9, pp. 7–10)

3. Upadhyay DRK (2016) “Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and therapeutic uses of Allium cepa: A review” International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP) (vol. 10, no. 1, ) https://doi.org/10.22377/ijgp.v10i1.612 (https://www.greenpharmacy.info/index.php/ijgp/article/view/612) Accessed: 22 April 2020

4. Gami M, Patel DA, Patel M, Patel T, Patel H, et al. (2013) “Evaluation of different tillage depths and FYM levels on onion (Allium cepa Linn) bulb crop” AGRES – An International e-Journal (vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 20–27)

5. Bharti N, Ram BR (2014) “Estimating variation in the production, quality and economics of onion in response to transplanting dates and sulphur fertilization” European Academic Research (vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 4831–4843)

6. Deepak MAD, Ashok K, Ingo MW (2014) “Effect of spacing and planting time on growth and yield of onion var” Indian Journal of Horticulture (vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 207–210)

7. Ali M, Rab A, Ali J, Ahmad H, Hayat S, et al. (2016) “Influence of transplanting dates and population densities on the growth and yield of onion” Pure and Applied Biology (vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 345–354) https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50045

8. Kanwar MS, Akbar PI (2013) “Effect of planting methods on performance of onion varieties under cold desert conditions” The Bioscan (vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 911–913)

9. Geries L, Moursi E, Abo-Dahab A (2015) “Effect of irrigation levels, cultivation methods and plant densities on productivity, quality of onion crop and some water relations in heavy clay soils” Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering (vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 1467–1495) https://doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2015.43938

10. Aboukhadrah SH, El - Alsayed AWAH, Sobhy L, Abdelmasieh W (2017) “Response of Onion Yield and Quality To Different Planting Date, Methods and Density” Egyptian Journal of Agronomy (vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 203–219) https://doi.org/10.21608/agro.2017.1203.1065

11. Enciso J, Wiedenfeld B, Jifon J, Nelson S (2009) “Onion yield and quality response to two irrigation scheduling strategies” Scientia Horticulturae (vol. 120, no. 3, pp. 301–305) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2008.11.004

12. Sumalatha BV, Kadam DR, Jayewar NE, Thakare YC (2017) “Seasonal incidence and influence of dates of sowing on thrips infestation in Kharif onion” Agriculture Update (vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 189–195) https://doi.org/10.15740/HAS/AU/12.TECHSEAR(1)2017/189-195

13. Kabul Monthly Climate Averages (2019) World Weather Online (https://www.worldweatheronline.com/kabul-weather/kabol/af.aspx) Accessed: 1 November 2019

14. Hamma I (2013) “Growth and yield of onion as influenced by plantin dates and mulching types in Samaru, Zaria” Search Results Web results International Journal of Advance Agricultural Research (vol. 1, no. 2013, pp. 22–26)

15. Ahmed M, Hassan MS (1987) “Effects of land preparation and planting method on onion (Allium cepa L.) production in the Sudan Gezira” Acta Horticulturae (Netherlands). no. 84. vol. 84 - pp. 27–32. (http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=NL19790461773) Accessed: 22 April 2020

16. Bosekeng G, Coetzer GM (2013) “Response of Onion (Allium cepa L.) to sowing dates” AJAR (vol. 8, no. 22, pp. 2757–2764) https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.7035

17. Bosekeng G, Coetzer* GM (2015) “Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to sowing date and plant population in the Central Free State, South Africa” AJAR (vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 179–187) https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.8071

18. Ali J, Abdurrab, Muhammad H, Ali M, Rashid A, et al. (2016) “Effect of sowing dates and phosphorus levels on growth and bulb production of onion” Pure and Applied Biology (vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 406–417) https://doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50053

19. Abdulsalam MAA, Hamaiel AF (2004) “Effect of Planting Dates and Compouned Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Hassawi Onion Under Al-Hassa Oasis Conditions” Scientific Journal of King Faisal University (Basic and Applied Sciences) (vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 65–79)

20. Ahmed MK, Hassan MS (1978) “Response of onion (Allium cepa L.) to sowing date and plant population in the Central Free State, South Africa” Acta Hortic (vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 179–187) https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2013.8071

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan is an underdeveloped country with a good rebuilding and developing potential. It is obvious that the amount of energy consumption of each country directly affects its economy and GDP. All economic activities are directly or indirectly linked to the energy sector. That is why the energy sector is considered a backbone of the countries development as well as means of achieving sustainable economic development.   Accurate evaluation and studying of the energy market and prediction of the future’s energy market is significant to taking proper decisions, making effective and applicable energy policies and goals regarding energy policies. Consequently, it will have a huge influence on the economic and political future of a country. Fossil fuel has a huge share among the energy consumption sources, as well as playing the main role to run the power sector, transportation sector, and industrial sectors. Exports of fossil fuel are also somehow linked to a proper analysis of the internal demand and production rate as well as capacity in the future. In this research, we present Afghanistan’s fuel demand and its future situation prediction by 2032, based on three scenarios. It has been the first time that such research is performed in Afghanistan and will enable energy and fossil fuel sectors to use, analyze, and explore the findings of this research for the purpose of strategic planning, export and import predictions.

Download

REPA 

Rahmaty H, Ershad AM, Sabory NR (2020) “Afghanistan fuel market prediction” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–12) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01

APA

Rahmaty, H., Ershad, A. M., & Sabory, N. R. (2020). Afghanistan fuel market prediction. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01

MLA 

Rahmaty, Hasibullah, et al. “Afghanistan Fuel Market Prediction.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 1–12. Crossref, doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01.

Vancouver 

Rahmaty H, Ershad AM, Sabory NR. Afghanistan fuel market prediction. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):1–12.

Chicago 

Rahmaty, Hasibullah, Ahmad Murtaza Ershad, and Najib Rahman Sabory. 2020. “Afghanistan Fuel Market Prediction.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01.

Elsevier

Rahmaty H, Ershad AM, Sabory NR. Afghanistan fuel market prediction. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:1–12. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01.

IEEE

Rahmaty, A. M. Ershad, and N. R. Sabory, “Afghanistan fuel market prediction,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–12, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01.

Springer

Rahmaty, H., Ershad, A.M., Sabory, N.R.: Afghanistan fuel market prediction. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 1–12 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.01.

1. Vehicles per 1000 people - comparison between Afghanistan and Madagas (2019) Macro Economy Meter (http://mecometer.com/compare/afghanistan+ madagascar/vehicles­per­thousand­people/) Accessed: 6 January 2019

    

2. Pajhwok Afghan News (2019) “Oil in Afghanistan” Pajhwok Afghan News (/content/oil-afghanistan) Accessed: 29 January 2019

    

3. Khalazaie M (2019) “Developments in the oil and gas sector of Afghanistan” Kakar Advocates Law Firm LLC (https://www.kakaradvocates.com/developments-in-the-oil-and-gas-hydrocarbons-sector-of-afghanistan/) Accessed: 12 November 2019

    

4. Inter-ministerial Commission of Energy (ICE) Secretariat, Ministry of Economy - Afghanistan (2016) “Quarterly energy sector status summary report: Quarter three 2016” Quraterly Kabul, Afghanistan, Inter-ministerial Commission of Energy (ICE) Secretariat, Ministry of Economy - Afghanistan. (https://sites. google.com/site/iceafghanistan/) Accessed: 14 December 2018

    

5. Fichtner GmbH (2018) “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Power sector master plan” (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/76570/43497-012-afg-tacr.pdf) Accessed: 19 August 2019

    

6. Shinwary K (2018) “Number of vehicles in Afghanistan” US Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Compare cars side-by-side (https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbsSelect) Accessed: 18 May 2018

    

7. Fuel economy (2019) US Department of Energy - Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Compare cars side-by-side (https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/ Find.do?action=sbs&id=1153&id=12502&id=21479 &id=35595)

    

8. Microsaft (2019) “Forecasting functions (reference)” Microsaft Support (https://support.microsoft. com/en-us/office/forecasting-functions-reference-897a2fe9-6595-4680-a0b0-93e0308d5f6e) Accessed: 19 January 2019 

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

There are promising opportunities to produce clean and sustainable energy from micro, mini, small and large hydropower plants in Afghanistan. The Government of Afghanistan has planned to build several hydropower plants. One of them is Baghdara Dam Hydro-Power project in Kapisa province and is expected to produce 210 MW. In the feasibility study, two dam axis configurations were considered, one creating a small reservoir, the other creating a large reservoir. However, a recommendation comparing advantages and disadvantages was not addressed. In this paper, we compare possible Baghdara Dam axis locations and recommend one for future construction that produces optimal electric power, especially during the winter season, and provides clean potable water to New Kabul City. We have determined that dam location A (with a small reservoir) would need a long tunnel to the power station, which requires advanced technology and accurate geological surveying that is not available in Afghanistan. Axis D (with a large reservoir) will recharge downstream hydropower plants such as Kapar (120 MW), Naghlo (100 MW), Sarobi-1 (22 MW), Sarobi-2 (180 MW), and Daronta (12 MW). The large reservoir will also stop sediment ponding at the Naghlo hydropower reservoir. This case study shares an in-depth technical and practical lessons-learned with researchers, students, and practitioners.

Download

REPA 

Ghubar N, Shirani H (2020) “Development of hydropower in Afghanistan for clean and sustainable energy” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–21) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02

APA

Ghubar, N., & Shirani, H. (2020). Development of hydropower in Afghanistan for clean and sustainable energy. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02

MLA 

Ghubar, Naqibullah, and Habiburahman Shirani. “Development of Hydropower in Afghanistan for Clean and Sustainable Energy.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 13–21. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02.

Vancouver 

Ghubar N, Shirani H. Development of hydropower in Afghanistan for clean and sustainable energy. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):13–21.

Chicago 

Ghubar, Naqibullah, and Habiburahman Shirani. 2020. “Development of Hydropower in Afghanistan for Clean and Sustainable Energy.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 13–21. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02.

Elsevier

Ghubar N, Shirani H. Development of hydropower in Afghanistan for clean and sustainable energy. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:13–21. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02.

IEEE

Ghubar and H. Shirani, “Development of hydropower in Afghanistan for clean and sustainable energy,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 13–21, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02.

Springer

Ghubar, N., Shirani, H.: Development of hydropower in Afghanistan for clean and sustainable energy. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 13–21 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.02.

1. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2017) “Afghanistan Renewable Energy Policy” (Afghanistan Renewable Energy Policy) Accessed: 16 November 2019

    

2. Yüksel I (2008) “Hydropower in Turkey for a clean and sustainable energy future” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 1622–1640) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2007.01.024

    

3. Kaygusuz K (2004) “Hydropower and the World’s Energy Future” Energy Sources (vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 215–224) https://doi.org/10.1080/00908310490256572

    

4. DABS Energy Policy (2019) Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (https://main.dabs.af/EnergySalesProcedure) Accessed: 16 April 2020

    

5. World Energy Outlook 2018 (2018) Analysis Paris, France, International Energy Agency (IEA). (https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2018) Accessed: 16 April 2020

    

6. Dincer I, Acar C (2015) “A review on clean energy solutions for better sustainability” International Journal of Energy Research (vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 585–606) https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3329

    

7. World Energy Outlook (2019) International Energy Agency (AEI) (https://www.iea.org/topics/world-energy-outlook) Accessed: 16 November 2019

    

8. Sharifi MS (2009) “Electric Residential Load Growth in Kabul City-Afghanistan for Sustainable Situation” (Thesis) Ohio, USA, Ohio University (https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=ohiou1257515533&disposition=inline) Accessed: 16 November 2019

    

9. Fichtner GmbH (2018) “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Power sector master plan” (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/76570/43497-012-afg-tacr.pdf) Accessed: 19 August 2019

    

10. Cheng C, Liu B, Chau K-W, Li G, Liao S (2015) “China׳s small hydropower and its dispatching management” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 42, pp. 43–55) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014. 09.044

     

11. The World Commission on Dams Framework - A Brief Introduction (2019) International Rivers (https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/the-world-commission-on-dams-framework-a-brief-introduction-2654) Accessed: 16 November 2019

     

12. Baghdara Dam project feasibility study report (2018) Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan.

     

13. Sediqi M “River Engineering,” 1st ed. Kabul, Afghanistan, Kabul Poly Technic University.

     

14. Existing hydropower information center (2020) Technical Report Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan.

     

15. Afghanistan Energy Information Center (2019) AEIC - Ministry of Energy and Water - Afghanistan (http://aeic.af/) Accessed: 6 March 2020

     

16. Hydropower Status Report (2019) International Hydropower Association (IHA) (https://www.hydropower.org/statusreport) Accessed: 16 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Recently, the consumption of energy in residential buildings has increased. On one hand, urbanization increased energy consumption in residential buildings. On the other hand, construction of nonstandard buildings especially residential buildings, caused excessive energy waste. Implementation of energy efficiency and zero-energy building strategies is one of the best solutions to decrease energy waste and energy intensity in a residential building in Kabul City. This research is conducted to design typical energy-efficient and zero energy building strategies for Kabul City. The majority of people use unrefined fossil fuels for heating. As we know, fossil fuels cause environmental pollution. To burn these fuels, most greenhouse gases GHGs emissions are released in the atmosphere, and these GHGs are very harmful to health and cause different types of illnesses. This study is performed in two stages.  First, the construction cost of a customarily built building is calculated. Then, the heat loss and heat gain of this inefficient building are also calculated. The same procedure is repeated for a more efficient and insulated building. After comparing, it is revealed that an insulated building saves 65% of the energy and emits 60% less CO₂ compared to the inefficient building.  To make this building a zero-energy building, we tried using photovoltaic technology. All-electric loads for this building are calculated, and the components of the photovoltaic system are designed accordingly. Finally, the implementation of energy-efficient and zero-energy building has lots of benefits of cost-saving, being environment-friendly, reduced illness, and individual sustainability for each building.

Download

REPA 

Ahmadi AM, Sabori NR, Halim M (2020) “A typical design for energy-efficient building: A case study of zero energy building” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22–31) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03

APA

Ahmadi, A. M., Sabori, N. R., & Halim, M. (2020). A typical design for energy-efficient building: A case study of zero energy building. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 22–31. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03

MLA 

Ahmadi, Ahmad Masih, et al. “A Typical Design for Energy-Efficient Building: A Case Study of Zero Energy Building.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 22–31. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03.

Vancouver 

Ahmadi AM, Sabori NR, Halim M. A typical design for energy-efficient building: A case study of zero energy building. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):22–31.

Chicago 

Ahmadi, Ahmad Masih, Najib Rahman Sabori, and Mustafa Halim. 2020. “A Typical Design for Energy-Efficient Building: A Case Study of Zero Energy Building.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 22–31. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03.

Elsevier

Ahmadi AM, Sabori NR, Halim M. A typical design for energy-efficient building: A case study of zero energy building. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:22–31. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03.

IEEE

M. Ahmadi, N. R. Sabori, and M. Halim, “A typical design for energy-efficient building: A case study of zero energy building,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22–31, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03.

Springer

Ahmadi, A.M., Sabori, N.R., Halim, M.: A typical design for energy-efficient building: A case study of zero energy building. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 22–31 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.03.

1. Baumert KA, Herzog T, Pershing J (2005) “Navigating the numbers: Greenhouse gas data and international climate policy” Washington DC., USA, World Resources Institute. (https://pdf.wri.org/navigating_numbers.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

2. Hauge ÅL, Thomsen J, Berker T (2011) “User evaluations of energy efficient buildings: Literature review and further research” Advances in Building Energy Research (vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 109–127) https://doi.org/10.1080/17512549.2011.582350

    

3. Abbaszadeh S, Zagreus L, Lehrer D, Huizenga C (2006) “Occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality in green buildings” Proceedings of Healthy Buildings 2006 Lisboa, Portugal, International Society of Indoor Air Quality and Climate (ISIAQ), vol. 3 - pp. 365–370. (https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9rf7p4bs) Accessed: 3 May 2020

    

4. Wang S (2000) “Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration,” 2nd ed. New York, USA, McGraw-hill. 1232 p. ISBN: 978-0-07-068167-5

    

5. Weather Spark (2018) “The typical weather anywhere on earth” (https://weatherspark.com) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Temori MO (2017) “Energy efficiency guidebook for buildings / Mohammad Omar Temori ; design and layout Ahmad Sear Sharifi.,” 1st ed. Kabul, Afghanistan, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). 172 p. ISBN: 2019-11-01 (http://afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/handle/azu/20995) Accessed: 24 April 2020

    

7. A common definition for zero Energy buildings (2015) Washington DC., USA, U.S. Department of Energy. (https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/20 15/09/f26/ACommonDefinitionforZeroEnergyBuildings.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Kabul river is the main river in Kabul city and eastern Afghanistan which passes through 200 kilometers of the heart of Kabul. For the river to serve its ecological purposes, like water supply and environmental quality control, water flow should be optimized both in terms of quantity and quality. However, the water in its inundation season, spring, is very high in pollution and the river bed is waterless and full of solid wastes throughout the rest of the year. The goal of this research was to present a quantitative assessment of carbon as a water quality parameter in Kabul river in the geography of Afghanistan, to detect probable sources of this pollutant and to suggest feasible pollution management approaches. The study was based on the Material Flow Analysis (MFA) model, developed by the Egyptian-Swiss Research on Innovation in Sustainable Sanitation (ESRISS) Project. The effect of hydropower dams, in the concentration of carbon in the river, as a water quality parameter, was evaluated. A segment of the river between the Naghlo hydropower dam and the Darunta dam was chosen for carbon content analysis. As a result of this analysis, we can provide data for carbon quantity in the specified segment of the river. Moreover, we will be able to apply this methodology for providing water quality analysis for almost any segment of the river and suggest relevant feasible solutions for water pollution problems.

Download

REPA 

Oria S, Sadat SH (2020) “Assessment of carbon pollution in Kabul river and its solutions based on the material flow analysis model, ESRISS” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 32–38) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04

APA

Oria, S., & Sadat, S. H. (2020). Assessment of carbon pollution in Kabul river and its solutions based on the material flow analysis model, ESRISS. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04

MLA 

Oria, Sosan, and Sayed Hashmat Sadat. “Assessment of Carbon Pollution in Kabul River and Its Solutions Based on the Material Flow Analysis Model, ESRISS.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 32–38. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04.

Vancouver 

Oria S, Sadat SH. Assessment of carbon pollution in Kabul river and its solutions based on the material flow analysis model, ESRISS. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):32–8.

Chicago 

Oria, Sosan, and Sayed Hashmat Sadat. 2020. “Assessment of Carbon Pollution in Kabul River and Its Solutions Based on the Material Flow Analysis Model, ESRISS.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 32–38. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04.

Elsevier

Oria S, Sadat SH. Assessment of carbon pollution in Kabul river and its solutions based on the material flow analysis model, ESRISS. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:32–8. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04.

IEEE

Oria and S. H. Sadat, “Assessment of carbon pollution in Kabul river and its solutions based on the material flow analysis model, ESRISS,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 32–38, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04.

Springer

Oria, S., Sadat, S.H.: Assessment of carbon pollution in Kabul river and its solutions based on the material flow analysis model, ESRISS. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 32–38 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.04.

1. Laner D, Rechberger H (2016) “Material flow analysis” In: Finkbeiner M - editor. Special Types of Life Cycle Assessment , 1st ed. Dordrecht, Springer Netherlands - pp. 293–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/ 978-94-017-7610-3_7

    

2. Serikova S, Pokrovsky OS, Ala-Aho P, Kazantsev V, Kirpotin SN, et al. (2018) “High riverine CO2 emissions at the permafrost boundary of Western Siberia” Nat Geosci (vol. 11, pp. 825–829) https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0218-1

    

3. Montangero A (2007) “Material flow analysis: A tool to assess material flows for environmental sanitation planning in developing countries” Dübendorf, Switzerland, Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology. (https://www.eawag.ch/fileadmin/Domain1/Abtelungen/sandec/schwerpunkte/sesp/ESRISS/pdfs/mfa_guidelines.pdf) Accessed: 16 January 2020

    

4. Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (2017) “Naghlu hydropower rehabilitation project (NHRP)” (https://main.dabs.af/uploads/reports/0a4011d949df3547f10cda5c90cf0364.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

5. Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (2011) “Electricity statistics” Kabul, Afghanistan, Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS).

    

6. Laughton MA, Say MG (2013) “Turbines and diesel plants” Electrical Engineer’s Reference Book , 14th ed. Elsevier - pp. 992.

    

7. Global Energy Observation (2015) “Sarobi Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant Afghanistan - GEO” Global Energy Observation (http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/40535) Accessed: 16 January 2020

    

8. Hydro Review (2015) “Afghans seek civil engineer to oversee substation rehab at 100-MW Naghlu hydro project” Hydro Review (https://www.hydroreview.com/2015/09/15/afghans-seek-civil-engineer-to-oversee-substation-rehab-at-100-mw-naghlu-hydro-project/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

9. Wadsam (2013) “USAID suspends work on the rehabilitation of Darunta Dam” Wadsam (https://wadsam.com/afghan-business-news/usaid-suspends-work-on-the-rehabilitation-of-darunta-dam-242/) Accessed: 16 January 2020

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and clean electricity, goal 7 of SDG, interconnected with 5 other goals and 125 (out of 169) targets of SDGs, is an essential factor to the success of any economic growth strategy. While 89 percent of households reported having access to any kind of electricity forms in the 2013-2014 (Afghanistan Living Conditions Survey), only 29.7 percent received their power from the grid, which covers only a small portion of electrified rural households. To select the most appropriate options for electrification of rural areas, a multicriteria decision-making approach has been used. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a multicriteria decision-making method used combined with GIS to analyze different options. In this paper, a methodology framework incorporating decision analysis techniques has been presented to evaluate and determine a suitable energy system for rural electrification with a perspective on sustainable development goals. Renewable energy, diesel generator, and national grid expansion have been compared to different options from different views and criteria.

Download

REPA 

Rasooli Z, Arzoo Z, Puya M (2020) “A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 39–45) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05

APA

Rasooli, Z., Arzoo, Z., & Puya, M. (2020). A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05

MLA 

Rasooli, Zahra, et al. “A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 39–45. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05.

Vancouver 

Rasooli Z, Arzoo Z, Puya M. A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):39–45.

Chicago 

Rasooli, Zahra, Zarifa Arzoo, and Marzia Puya. 2020. “A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 39–45. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05.

Elsevier

Rasooli Z, Arzoo Z, Puya M. A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:39–45. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05.

IEEE

Rasooli, Z. Arzoo, and M. Puya, “A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 39–45, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05.

Springer

Rasooli, Z., Arzoo, Z., Puya, M.: A GIS-Based Approach for Rural Electrification Planning in Afghanistan with Focus on Renewable Energy. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 39–45 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.05.

1. Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M, Ringler C, McCollum D (2017) “A guide to SDG interactions: from science to implementation” Paris, France, International Council for Science (ICSU). (http://www.icsu.org/publications/a-guide-to-sdg-interactions-from-science-to-implementation) Accessed: 22 April 2020

    

2. Tracking SDG7 Report (2019) The Energy progress report Washington DC, USA, IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO. (https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/2019-Tracking-SDG7-Report.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

3. Amin M, Bernell D (2018) “Power sector reform in Afghanistan: Barriers to achieving universal access to electricity” Energy Policy (vol. 123, pp. 72–82) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.010

    

4. Afghanistan renewable energy development Issues and options (2018) Washington, D.C., World Bank Group. (http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/352991530527393098/Afghanistan-renewable-energy-development-issues-and-options)

    

5. Paudel U, Khatri U, Pant KP (2018) “Understanding the determinants of household cooking fuel choice in Afghanistan: A multinomial logit estimation” Energy (vol. 156, pp. 55–62) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.085

    

6. Burns RK (2011) “Afghanistan: Solar assets, electricity production, and rural energy factors” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 2144–2148) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.12.002

    

7. Hakimi M, Baniasadi E, Afshari E (2020) “Thermo-economic analysis of photovoltaic, central tower receiver and parabolic trough power plants for Herat city in Afghanistan” Renewable Energy (vol. 150, pp. 840–853) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.01.009

    

8. Fichtner GmbH (2013) “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Power Sector Master Plan” Fichtner GmbH. 451 p. (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/76570/43497-012-afg-tacr.pdf)

    

9. Ershad AM, Brecha RJ, Hallinan K (2016) “Analysis of solar photovoltaic and wind power potential in Afghanistan” Renewable Energy (vol. 85, pp. 445–453) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.06.067

    

10. Mainali B, Silveira S (2013) “Alternative pathways for providing access to electricity in developing countries” Renewable Energy (vol. 57, pp. 299–310) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2013.01.057

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Kabul faces challenges with fulfilling energy demand using a problematic conventional electrical grid.  Its transportation system is disorganized, and ICT infrastructure is limited as the population growth rate is increasing.  Kabul should determine feasible and efficient plans to make its energy system more sustainable and smart.  Afghanistan energy utility Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat- (DABS) provided electricity demand, consumption, import, amount of thermal electricity and thermal generation data for this research. The data about ICT infrastructure has been extracted  from SIGAR reports and transportation data has been obtained from the transportation department in Kabul. Population data come from Afghanistan Central Statistics Organization (CSO). In summary, usage of solar, wind, hydro and biomass energies and electricity by transmission lines are the most feasible and efficient ways to provide the needed electricity.  A smart grid can be established through smart metering and energy efficiency as well as some measurement programs. Improved ICT infrastructure can benefit citizens with lower prices, better service, and increased competition. Finally, transportation systems options like electric vehicle (EV), public transportation, and ATMS are recommended.

Download

REPA 

Shirzai K, Sabory NR (2020) “A brief overview of Kabul city electrification” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 46–51) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06

APA 

Shirzai, K., & Sabory, N. R. (2020). A brief overview of Kabul city electrification. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 46–51. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06

MLA 

Shirzai, Khatera, and Najib Rahman Sabory. “A Brief Overview of Kabul City Electrification.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 46–51. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06.

Vancouver 

Shirzai K, Sabory NR. A brief overview of Kabul city electrification. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):46–51.

Chicago 

Shirzai, Khatera, and Najib Rahman Sabory. 2020. “A Brief Overview of Kabul City Electrification.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 46–51. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06.

Elsevier

Shirzai K, Sabory NR. A brief overview of Kabul city electrification. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:46–51. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06.

IEEE

Shirzai and N. R. Sabory, “A brief overview of Kabul city electrification,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 46–51, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06.

Springer

Shirzai, K., Sabory, N.R.: A brief overview of Kabul city electrification. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 46–51 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.06.

1. Lund H, Østergaard PA, Connolly D, Mathiesen BV (2017) “Smart energy and smart energy systems” Energy (vol. 137, pp. 556–565) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.123

    

2. Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (2011) “Electricity statistics” Kabul, Afghanistan, Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS).

    

3. Fichtner GmbH (2018) “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Power sector master plan” (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/76570/43497-012-afg-tacr.pdf) Accessed: 19 August 2019

    

4. Sasaki (2017) “Kabul urban design framework,” 1st ed. Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. (https://www.sasaki.com/projects/kabul-urban-design-framework/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

5. Renewable energy roadmap for Afghanistan (2015-2017) (2017) Kabul, Afghanistan, Asian Development Bank (ADB). (https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/project-document/151922/47266-001-tar.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Salman SK (2017) “Introduction to the smart grid: Concepts, technologies and evolution,” 1st ed. London, UK, IET Digital Library. p. ISBN: 978-1-78561-120-9 (https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/books/po/pbpo094e) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

7. General Directorate of Traffic - Ministry of Interior Affairs MoI - Afghanistan (2019) “Kabul traffic statistics” (http://old.moi.gov.af/en/page/directorates/general-directorate-of-traffic)

    

8. Empowering the world to breathe cleaner air (2019) (https://www.airvisual.com)

    

9. Afghanistan’s information and communications technology sector: U.S. agencies obligated over $2.6 billion to the sector, but the full scope of U.S. efforts is unknown (2016) Audit Report Virgina, USA, Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). (https://www.sigar.mil/pdf/audits/SIGAR-16-46-AR.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

10. Central Statistics Organization (CSO) - Afghanistan (2019) “Statistical indicators in Kabul province” Kabul, Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization (CSO) - Afghanistan 

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

The lives of 85% of the people of Afghanistan depend on agriculture. Every year, sudden changes in the cost of agricultural products leave most farmers discouraged as they suffer financial losses and considered as the most vulnerable in the society. This research is focused on the effects of agricultural cost fluctuation on the life of the farmers, identify root causes, and describe the role of the agriculture department in managing these changes using questionnaires. Qarabagh, Charaseab, Paghaman, Shakerdare, and Dehsabz are selected for this study. Random sampling selected 30 farmers as respondents. Questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews are used to collect data, which were analyzed using interpretive and reflexive qualitative approaches and descriptive statistics. The research shows that price fluctuation of agricultural products discourages farmers from striving for a better life.

Download

REPA 

Halim M (2020) “Effect of cost fluctuations of agriculture products on farmer’s lives in Kabul” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 52–55) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07

APA

Halim, M. (2020). Effect of cost fluctuations of agriculture products on farmer’s lives in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 52–55. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07

MLA 

Halim, Mursal. “Effect of Cost Fluctuations of Agriculture Products on Farmer’s Lives in Kabul.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 52–55. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07.

Vancouver 

Halim M. Effect of cost fluctuations of agriculture products on farmer’s lives in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):52–5.

Chicago 

Halim, Mursal. 2020. “Effect of Cost Fluctuations of Agriculture Products on Farmer’s Lives in Kabul.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 52–55. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07.

Elsevier

Halim M. Effect of cost fluctuations of agriculture products on farmer’s lives in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:52–5. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07.

IEEE

Halim, “Effect of cost fluctuations of agriculture products on farmer’s lives in Kabul,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 52–55, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07.

Springer

Halim, M.: Effect of cost fluctuations of agriculture products on farmer’s lives in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 52–55 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.07.

1. MIS Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock – Afghanistan (2019) “Agriculture statistics” (https://www.mail.gov.af/en) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

2. Pinstrup‐Andersen P (2014) “Contemporary food policy challenges and opportunities” Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics (vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 504–518) https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12019

    

3. Blocher E, Stout D, Juras P, Cokins G (2015) “Cost Management: A Strategic Emphasis,” 7th ed. New York, USA, McGraw-hill. p. ISBN: 978-0-07-773377-3 (https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/cost-management-strategic-emphasis-blocher-stout/M9780077733773.html) Accessed: 22 April 2020

    

4. Huka H, Ruoja C, Mchopa A (2014) “Price Fluctuation of Agricultural Products and its Impact on Small Scale Farmers Development: Case Analysis from Kilimanjaro Tanzania” European Journal of Business and Management (vol. 6, no. 36, pp. 155–160)

    

5. Moore DS (2009) “The basic practice of statistics,” Fifth edition New York, USA, W. H. Freeman. 704 p. ISBN: 978-1-4292-2426-0

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Industry has leading contribution in the economic development of the nations, however this sector needs a systematic and sustainable roadmap. From the planning point of view, there should be an IP (Industrial Park) with basic facilities such as water supply, sewerage system, electricity, access roads, and other entities, electricity and heat could be one of the key resources that drives the industrial parks. Kabul has three industrial parks, Pul-e-Charkhi, Arghandi, and Bagrami, and their total electrical demand is 180 MW (Kabul IPs utilize averagely daily in 8-hours of industrial activity 1440 MWh electrical energy). Da Afghanistan Breshna Shirkat (DABS) provides only 100 MW. Therefore, industries complete their electrical shortage by burning fossil fuels and rely on fossil fuels.  Kabul IPs daily burn 141.86 toe of fossil fuel for thermal necessity and electric shortage. This fossil fuel creates environmental issues and pollution. According to the Afghanistan Metrology Organization (AMO), IPs are responsible for 30% of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions in Kabul city. One of the primary and best ways to solve this problem is the usage of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro and geothermal energies. Kabul industrial parks annually paid $73.01 million, and the total cost of building the hybrid renewable plant of a CSP and Solar PVs is $545.36 million. The payback time is 7.5 years. In this study, we try to find the electrical and thermal demand of IPs, and after that, the feasibility of a renewable energy park by considering the Kabul IPs metrology data. Moreover, The feasibility of having an eco-industrial park has been studied.

Download

REPA 

Ebrahimi N, Sabory NR, Anwarzai MA (2020) “Electricity and heat supply to Kabul industrial parks using renewable energy sources” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 56–69) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08

APA

Ebrahimi, N., Sabory, N. R., & Anwarzai, M. A. (2020). Electricity and heat supply to Kabul industrial parks using renewable energy sources. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08

MLA 

Ebrahimi, Najibullah, et al. “Electricity and Heat Supply to Kabul Industrial Parks Using Renewable Energy Sources.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 56–69. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08.

Vancouver 

Ebrahimi N, Sabory NR, Anwarzai MA. Electricity and heat supply to Kabul industrial parks using renewable energy sources. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):56–69.

Chicago 

Ebrahimi, Najibullah, Najib Rahman Sabory, and Mohammad Abed Anwarzai. 2020. “Electricity and Heat Supply to Kabul Industrial Parks Using Renewable Energy Sources.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 56–69. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08.

Elsevier

Ebrahimi N, Sabory NR, Anwarzai MA. Electricity and heat supply to Kabul industrial parks using renewable energy sources. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:56–69. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08.

IEEE

Ebrahimi, N. R. Sabory, and M. A. Anwarzai, “Electricity and heat supply to Kabul industrial parks using renewable energy sources,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 56–69, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08.

Springer

Ebrahimi, N., Sabory, N.R., Anwarzai, M.A.: Electricity and heat supply to Kabul industrial parks using renewable energy sources. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 56–69 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.08.

1. Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (2019) “Afghanistan industrial parks electricity necessity” (https://moci.gov.af/en/industrial-park) Accessed: 9 December 2019

    

2. Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI) - Afghanistan (2019) “Industrial data” (https://moci.gov.af/ en/industrial-park) Accessed: 14 October 2019

    

3. Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI) - Afghanistan (2019) “Industrial Parks” (https://moci.gov.af/ en/industrial-park) Accessed: 9 December 2019

    

4. Najibullah E (2019) “Industrials” (Industrial Parks, Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MoCI) - Afghanistan)

    

5. Negah Y (2019) “Annual report” Kabul, Afghanistan, Afghanistan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI). (https://www.acci.org.af/media/Annual ReportEnglish.pdf) Accessed: 1 October 2019

    

6. Directorate of Analysis And Evaluation - Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA) (2013) “Industrial parks in Afghanistan: Growth, challenges and recommendation” Analytical report Kabul, Afghanistan, Directorate of Analysis And Evaluation - Afghanistan Investment Support Agency (AISA). (https://iccia.com/sites/default/files/library/files/IndustrialParkReport.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

7. Afghanistan metrology data (2019) Afghanistan Metrology Organization (AMO) (http://www.amd.gov. af) Accessed: 14 November 2019

    

8. Anwarzai MA (2018) “Research and analysis of Afghanistan’s wind, solar, and geothermal resources potential” (Doctoral Dissertation) Tokyo, Japan, Search Results Web results Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (https://tuat.repo.nii.ac.jp/ ?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=1487&item_no=1&attribute_id=16&file_no=1) Accessed: 4 July 2020

    

9. Map showing the location of Deh Sabz, Kabul, Afghanistan (100m) (2019) (https://globalwindatlas.info) Accessed: 28 November 2019

    

10. Map showing the location of Deh Sabz, Kabul, Afghanistan (50) (2019) (https://globalwindatlas.info) Accessed: 28 November 2019

     

11. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2018) “Afghanistan agrometeorological bulleting” (http://mew.gov.af/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

12. Central Statistics Organization (CSO) - Afghanistan (2019) “Statistical indicators in Kabul province” Kabul, Afghanistan, Central Statistics Organization (CSO) - Afghanistan.

     

13. SunPower (2019) “400–425 W residential AC module” (https://us.sunpower.com/sites/default/files/ spr-a-series-425-415-400-g-ac-datasheet-532618-revb.pdf) Accessed: 7 July 2019

     

14. Singal L, Harats Y (2016) “Hybrid renewable energy parks” (https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lavl een_Singal/publication/303371155_Hybrid_Renewble_Eergy_Parks/links/573ec7ce08ae9f741b31dbd5/Hybrid-Renewable-Energy-Parks.pdf?origin=figuresDialog) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

15. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2019) “Afghanistan energy condition” (http://mew. gov.af/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

16. Ministry of Commerce and Industry (MCI) - Afghanistan “Industries development” (https://moci .gov.af/ en/industrial-park) Accessed: 14 October 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

This research is about management of the sewer and drainage system in Kabul city, which is predicted to continue growing in population. According to the new Master Plan, the city population will grow from 4.5 million in 2017 to 9 million by 2050.  Kabul’s rapid population growth has put pressure on its economy, social services, and housing. However, the major urban systems such as roads, water supply, and sewage were poorly planned and implemented.  In this article, we will analyze the current problems of sewage in Kabul as it does not have a pre-established municipal sewage system. Kabul’s management, and control of wastewater is compared with the various cities around the world. In this research, a new approach is proposed for the Master Plan improvement considering review of similar cities in the world and a case study of Omid-e-Sabz, a town west of Kabul.

Download

REPA 

Nazari N, Sabory NR, Mohsini S (2020) “Optimum solution for plastic waste reduction in Kabul city” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 70–76) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09

APA

Nazari, N., Sabory, N. R., & Mohsini, S. (2020). Optimum solution for plastic waste reduction in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09

MLA 

Nazari, Nazanin, et al. “Optimum Solution for Plastic Waste Reduction in Kabul City.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 70–76. Crossref, doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09.

Vancouver 

Nazari N, Sabory NR, Mohsini S. Optimum solution for plastic waste reduction in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):70–6.

Chicago 

Nazari, Nazanin, Najib Rahman Sabory, and Shuaib Mohsini. 2020. “Optimum Solution for Plastic Waste Reduction in Kabul City.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 70–76. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09.

Elsevier

Nazari N, Sabory NR, Mohsini S. Optimum solution for plastic waste reduction in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:70–6. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09.

IEEE

Nazari, N. R. Sabory, and S. Mohsini, “Optimum solution for plastic waste reduction in Kabul city,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 70–76, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09.

Springer

Nazari, N., Sabory, N.R., Mohsini, S.: Optimum solution for plastic waste reduction in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 70–76 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.09.

1. Ali SS, Ijaz N, Aman N, Noor EM (2017) “Feasibility study of low density waste plastic in non load bearing asphalt pavement in district faisalabad” Earth Sciences Pakistan (ESP) (vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 17–18)

    

2. Napper IE, Bakir A, Rowland SJ, Thompson RC (2015) “Characterisation, quantity and sorptive properties of microplastics extracted from cosmetics” Mar Pollut Bull (vol. 99, no. 1–2, pp. 178–185) https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.07.029

    

3. Kenya bans plastic bags (2011) The Independent (http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/kenya-bans-plastic-bags-2179928.html) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

4. Jambeck JR, Geyer R, Wilcox C, Siegler TR, Perryman M, et al. (2015) “Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean” Science (vol. 347, no. 6223, pp. 768–771) https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1260352

    

5. Clean Up (2015) “Report on actions to reduce circulation of single-use plastic bags around the world: August 2015” (https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/ed 061800/files/uploaded/cua_plastic_bag_usage_around_world_august-2015.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Barnes DKA, Galgani F, Thompson RC, Barlaz M (2009) “Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments” Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci (vol. 364, no. 1526, pp. 1985–1998) https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0205

    

7. Gold Fortune (2019) “Natural jute burlap shopping tote bags with cotton handles buttoned closure front” Amazon (https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Shopping-Handles-Buttoned-Closure/dp/B06XQZXP38) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

8. Wholesale kraft paper bags supplier (2019) TradeMart Exports (http://www.trademartexports.com/ kraft-paper-bags.htm) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

9. Kabul Municipality (2019) “Solid waste audit in Kabul” (https://km.gov.af/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

This is an economic and technical feasibility analysis of a pilot project on transitioning energy usage to renewable and sustainable sources of energy for the Engineering School at Kabul University from economic, security, and academic considerations. The objectives of this research are improving energy security and sustainability, achieving economic benefits, and reflecting the advantages of renewable energy for Afghanistan's sustainable development. Energy demand for the Engineering School is calculated before and after transitioning to adaptable renewable energy resources. The total initial cost of a new system is about 14,237,771AFN with an operation and maintenance (O&M) cost of 341,862.74 AFN/year with the payback time of investment of fewer than 4.5 years. Based on this investigation, we found that it is economical and technically feasible to switch to renewable and sustainable sources of energy, especially in commercial and governmental buildings.

Download

REPA 

Kohistani MF, Sabory NR, Zarabie AK, Ahmadi M (2020) “A case study of an educational building transformation to renewable energy” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77–88) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10

APA

Kohistani, M. F., Sabory, N. R., Zarabie, A. K., & Ahmadi, M. (2020). A case study of an educational building transformation to renewable energy. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10

MLA 

Kohistani, Mohammad Fahim, et al. “A Case Study of an Educational Building Transformation to Renewable Energy.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 77–88. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10.

Vancouver 

Kohistani MF, Sabory NR, Zarabie AK, Ahmadi M. A case study of an educational building transformation to renewable energy. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):77–88.

Chicago 

Kohistani, Mohammad Fahim, Najib Rahman Sabory, Ahmad Khalid Zarabie, and Mikaeel Ahmadi. 2020. “A Case Study of an Educational Building Transformation to Renewable Energy.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10.

Elsevier

Kohistani MF, Sabory NR, Zarabie AK, Ahmadi M. A case study of an educational building transformation to renewable energy. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:77–88. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10.

IEEE

F. Kohistani, N. R. Sabory, A. K. Zarabie, and M. Ahmadi, “A case study of an educational building transformation to renewable energy,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 77–88, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10.

Springer

Kohistani, M.F., Sabory, N.R., Zarabie, A.K., Ahmadi, M.: A case study of an educational building transformation to renewable energy. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 77–88 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.10.

1. National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA) - Afghanistan (2019) “Yearbook Afghanistan statistical 2018-19” (https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Afghanistan-Statistical-Yearbook-2018-19_compressed.pdf) Accessed: 15 April 2020

    

2. General Directorate of Traffic - Ministry of Interior Affairs MoI - Afghanistan (2019) “Kabul traffic statistics” (http://old.moi.gov.af/en/page/directorates/general-directorate-of-traffic)

    

3. Fiebig M, Wiartalla A, Holderbaum B, Kiesow S (2014) “Particulate emissions from diesel engines: correlation between engine technology and emissions” Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 6) https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-9-6

    

4. Effects of air pollution and acid rain on vegetation (2019) Air Pollution (http://www.air-quality.org.uk/15.php) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

5. Natural Resources Canada (2017) “Energy and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs)” Natural Resources Canada (https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/energy-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-ghgs/20063) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Sugarcane biofuels: Status, potential, and prospects of the sweet crop to fuel the world (2019), 1st ed. Berlin, Germany, Springer. 472 p. ISBN: 978-3-030-18596-1

    

7. Methane (2019) Gas Innovations (https://gasinnovations.com/products/methane/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

This research focused on fuel consumption and its dangerous emission and negative impact on people, animals, and plants’ life in Kabul city. This research is evaluated and described total fuel consumed by all vehicles as2,306,481 m³/year, in a separate form:911,542m³/year petrol consumption and1,394,939 m³/year diesel consumption. Also, the amount of pollution which is emitted from burning these fuel-based resources is 2,180,408ton/year CO₂, 46 ton/year NO_X, 529kg/year SO_X from the total amount of petrol consumption, and 3,431,550ton/year CO₂, 642 kg/year from diesel consumption. It is suggested to use applicable technologies and approaches to reduce fuel consumption and air pollution such as reducing trips, using public transportation, walking down and using bicycles, using biodiesel, preferring multiple occupant vehicles,  electrical bus infrastructure develop, and expanding the use of clean fuel vehicles, Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG).

Download

REPA 

Faizi S, Sabory NR, Layan AH (2020) “Impact of fuel consumption in the transportation sector on people, animals, and plant life in Kabul city” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 89–95) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11

APA

Faizi, S., Sabory, N. R., & Layan, A. H. (2020). Impact of fuel consumption in the transportation sector on people, animals, and plant life in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11

MLA 

Faizi, Shukria, et al. “Impact of Fuel Consumption in the Transportation Sector on People, Animals, and Plant Life in Kabul City, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 89–95. Crossref, doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11.

Vancouver 

Faizi S, Sabory NR, Layan AH. Impact of fuel consumption in the transportation sector on people, animals, and plant life in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):89–95.

Chicago 

Faizi, Shukria, Najib Rahman Sabory, and Abdul Hamid Layan. 2020. “Impact of Fuel Consumption in the Transportation Sector on People, Animals, and Plant Life in Kabul City.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 89–95. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11.

Elsevier

Faizi S, Sabory NR, Layan AH. Impact of fuel consumption in the transportation sector on people, animals, and plant life in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:89–95. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11.

IEEE

Faizi, N. R. Sabory, and A. H. Layan, “Impact of fuel consumption in the transportation sector on people, animals, and plant life in Kabul city,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 89–95, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11.

Springer

Faizi, S., Sabory, N.R., Layan, A.H.: Impact of fuel consumption in the transportation sector on people, animals, and plant life in Kabul city. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 89–95 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.11.

1. National Statistics and Information Authority (NSIA) - Afghanistan (2019) “Yearbook Afghanistan statistical 2018-19” (https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/Afghanistan-Statistical-Yearbook-2018-19_compressed.pdf) Accessed: 15 April 2020

    

2. General Directorate of Traffic - Ministry of Interior Affairs MoI - Afghanistan (2019) “Kabul traffic statistics” (http://old.moi.gov.af/en/page/directorates/general-directorate-of-traffic)

    

3. Fiebig M, Wiartalla A, Holderbaum B, Kiesow S (2014) “Particulate emissions from diesel engines: correlation between engine technology and emissions” Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology (vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 6) https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-9-6

    

4. Effects of air pollution and acid rain on vegetation (2019) Air Pollution (http://www.air-quality.org.uk/15.php) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

5. Natural Resources Canada (2017) “Energy and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs)” Natural Resources Canada (https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/science-data/data-analysis/energy-data-analysis/energy-facts/energy-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-ghgs/20063) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Sugarcane biofuels: Status, potential, and prospects of the sweet crop to fuel the world (2019), 1st ed. Berlin, Germany, Springer. 472 p. ISBN: 978-3-030-18596-1

    

7. Methane (2019) Gas Innovations (https://gasinnovations.com/products/methane/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

Afghanistan with abundant sources of renewable energies has the plan to generate about 4,500 - 5,000 megawatts of its energy from renewable energies sources until 2032. However, it is still one of the energy importer countries. Human resources are one of the most fundamental and vital parts of a sector. Energy sector also needs enough human resources for its development and improvement. As a sector is developing, its requirement of human resources is increasing. Therefore, the number of its human resources must be increased too. Afghanistan, with a promoting renewable energy sector, has an essential need to have enough human resources for the energy sector. To ensure better future for country’s energy sector, it is necessary to estimate the needed human resources. In this research, we used the potential of renewable energy resources of Afghanistan to estimate the required human resources on construction, installation, operation, and maintenance of renewable energies power plants. Based on this research’s findings, the required number of human resources until 2032 in Afghanistan is estimated over 34,000 people which plays a significant role in job creation as well energy sector empowerment. We suggest that the government of Afghanistan hire the needed human resources through meritocracy to become self-sufficient in the energy industry and to be one of the energy exporter countries.

Download

REPA 

Sadat SMW, Sabory NR (2020) “Afghanistan renewable energy sector’s human resources estimation until 2032” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 96–101) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12

APA 

Sadat, S. M. W., & Sabory, N. R. (2020). Afghanistan renewable energy sector’s human resources estimation until 2032. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12

MLA 

Sadat, Sayed Mohamad Waleed, and Najib Rahman Sabory. “Afghanistan Renewable Energy Sector’s Human Resources Estimation until 2032.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 96–101. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12.

Vancouver 

Sadat SMW, Sabory NR. Afghanistan renewable energy sector’s human resources estimation until 2032. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):96–101.

Chicago 

Sadat, Sayed Mohamad Waleed, and Najib Rahman Sabory. 2020. “Afghanistan Renewable Energy Sector’s Human Resources Estimation until 2032.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 96–101. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12.

Elsevier

Sadat SMW, Sabory NR. Afghanistan renewable energy sector’s human resources estimation until 2032. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:96–101. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12.

IEEE

M. W. Sadat and N. R. Sabory, “Afghanistan renewable energy sector’s human resources estimation until 2032,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 96–101, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12.

Springer

Sadat, S.M.W., Sabory, N.R.: Afghanistan renewable energy sector’s human resources estimation until 2032. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 96–101 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.12.

1. Fichtner GmbH (2018) “Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: Power sector master plan” (https://www.adb. org/sites/default/files/project-document/76570/ 43497-012-afg-tacr.pdf) Accessed: 19 August 2019

    

2. World Bank (2019) “Afghanistan” World Bank (https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

3. Ahmadzai S, McKinna A (2018) “Afghanistan electrical energy and trans-boundary water systems analyses: Challenges and opportunities” Energy Reports (vol. 4, pp. 435–469) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr. 2018.06.003

    

4. Anwarzai MA (2018) “Research and analysis of Afghanistan’s wind, solar, and geothermal resources potential” (Doctoral Dissertation) Tokyo, Japan, Search Results Web results Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (https://tuat.repo.nii. ac.jp/?action=repository_action_common_download&item_id=1487&item_no=1&attribute_id=16&file_no=1) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

5. IT Power Consulting Private Limited (2017) “Renewable energy roadmap for Afghanistan RER2032” India, Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan. (https://policy.asiapacificenergy.org/sites/default/files/RenewableEnergyRoadmapforAfghanistanRER2032.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Maitra B (2016) “Investment in human capital and economic growth in Singapore” Global Business Review (vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 425–437) https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0972150915619819

    

7. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2019) “Renewable power generation costs” Abu Dhabi, UAE, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/May/IRENA_Renewable-Power-Generations-Costs-in-2018.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

8. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) (2018) “Renewable Energy and Jobs: Annual Review 2018” Abu Dhabi, UAE, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). (https://irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2018/May/IRENA_RE_Jobs_Annual_Review_2018.pdf) Accessed: 4 July 2020

    

9. Samadi AR (2011) “Energy consumption and available energy resources in Afghanistan” Kabul, Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS). (https://www.usea.org/sites/default/files/event-file/522/Afghan_Power_Sector_Briefing_June_2011.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

10. UN Environment Programme (UNEP) (2008) “Greejobs: Towards decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world” Washington DC., USA, UN Environment Programme (UNEP). (https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/ groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/documents/publication/wcms_158727.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

11. U.S. Energy Informaiton Administration (2019) “Electric power annual 2018” Washington DC., USA, U.S. Energy Informaiton Administration. (https://www.eia.gov/electricity/annual/pdf/epa.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

12. Confederation of Indian Industry (2010) “Human resource development strategies for Indian renewable energy sector” New Delhi, India.

     

13. U.S. Department of Energy (2017) “U.S. energy and employment report” United States, United States Government, the U.S. Department of Energy. (https://www.energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2017/01/f34/2017USEnergyandJobsReport_0.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

14. Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS) (2011) “Electricity statistics” Kabul, Afghanistan, Da Afghanistan Breshna Sherkat (DABS).

     

15. Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW) - Afghanistan (2018) “Afghanistan agrometeorological bulleting” (http://mew.gov.af/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

This research is about management of the sewer and drainage system in Kabul city, which is predicted to continue growing in population. According to the new Master Plan, the city population will grow from 4.5 million in 2017 to 9 million by 2050.  Kabul’s rapid population growth has put pressure on its economy, social services, and housing, but the major urban systems such as roads, water supply, and sewage were poorly planned and implemented.  In this article, we will analyze the current problems of sewage in Kabul as it does not have a pre-established municipal sewage system. We compare Kabul’s management and control of wastewater to various cities around the world. We present our solution for the Master Plan with a literature review of similar cities in the world and a case study of Omid-e-Sabz, a town west of Kabul.

Download

REPA 

Karimi MH, Mohammadi MA, Amiri M, Nighat-Noori MM, Sabory NR (2020) “An overview of sewage system management in Kabul” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 102–109) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13

APA

Karimi, M. H., Mohammadi, M. A., Amiri, M., Nighat-Noori, M. M., & Sabory, N. R. (2020). An overview of sewage system management in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 102–109. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13

MLA 

Karimi, Mohammad Hussain, et al. “An Overview of Sewage System Management in Kabul.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 102–09. doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13.

Vancouver 

Karimi MH, Mohammadi MA, Amiri M, Nighat-Noori MM, Sabory NR. An overview of sewage system management in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):102–9.

Chicago 

Karimi, Mohammad Hussain, Mohammad Amin Mohammadi, Muslim Amiri, Mohammad Mahdi Nighat-Noori, and Najib Rahman Sabory. 2020. “An Overview of Sewage System Management in Kabul.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 102–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13.

Elsevier

Karimi MH, Mohammadi MA, Amiri M, Nighat-Noori MM, Sabory NR. An overview of sewage system management in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:102–9. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13.

IEEE

H. Karimi, M. A. Mohammadi, M. Amiri, M. M. Nighat-Noori, and N. R. Sabory, “An overview of sewage system management in Kabul,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 102–109, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13.

Springer

Karimi, M.H., Mohammadi, M.A., Amiri, M., Nighat-Noori, M.M., Sabory, N.R.: An overview of sewage system management in Kabul. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 102–109 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.13.

1. Sasaki (2017) “Kabul urban design framework,” 1st ed. Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. (https://www.sasaki.com/projects/kabul-urban-design-framework/) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

2. Skyline Civil Group (2016) “The sewers of ancient Rome” Skyline Civil Group (http://www.skylinecivilgroup.com/sewers-ancient-rome/) Accessed: 9 March 2010

    

3. Nicki jo Armfield (2019) “Sanitation in ancient Rome” Online Learning - Prezi (https://prezi.com/ o87e9rrkfqnr/sanitation-in-ancient-rome/) Accessed: 8 March 2020

    

4. Dwarf Fortress Wiki (2019) “DF2014: Sewer” (https://dwarffortresswiki.org/index.php/DF2014:Sewer) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

5. Tata RP (2013) “Municipal sewer systems: Case studies” New York, USA, Continuing Education and Development, Inc. (https://www.cedengineering.com/user files/MunicipalSewerSystemsCaseStudies.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. Abellán J (2017) “Water supply and sanitation services in modern Europe: developments in 19th-20th centuries” 12th International Congress of the Spanish Association of Economic History Salamanca, Spain, Spanish Association for Energy Economics (AEEE) - pp. 1–17.

    

7. De Feo G, Antoniou G, Fardin H, El-Gohary F, Zheng X, et al. (2014) “The historical development of sewers worldwide” Sustainability (vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 3936–3974) https://doi.org/10.3390/su6063936

    

8. Baker M (2008) “Discovering London statues and monuments,” 5th ed. Princes Risborough, Shire. 128 p. ISBN: 978-0-7478-0495-6

    

9. OpenLearn (2018) “How London got its Victorian sewers” Medium (https://medium.com/@OUFreeLearning/how-london-got-its-victorian-sewers-a60293f8dd60) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

10. London sewerage system (2020) Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_sewerage_system&oldid=948716404) Accessed: 10 April 2020

     

11. United Nations (UN) (2019) “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)” (https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs) Accessed: 1 November 2019

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.

After the industrial revolution and world technological growth, humanity and society seek to use energy resources more efficiently. The global economy currently relies on electricity for the economic and development of world nations. Electrical energy is used mostly in cities and commercial industries. This study focuses on changing the energy production and consumption patterns in Kabul as it is faced with many challenges and problems in providing needed electrical energy within its power network. For solving these problems and challenges, national policymakers are searching for practical and economical methods to provide electric energy for capital region in a sustainable manner. One suggestion is the storage of electrical energy, which can act when the network is under pressure and to avoid power outages. Electric Energy storage(EES)can be used as a secondary source to those regions which are not connected to the national power network. This research aims to find the most appropriate and practical solutions for the storage of extra and additional electrical energy at Kabul city.

Download

REPA 

Hashimi SB, Zaheb H, Sabory NR (2020) “An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies” Repa Proceeding Series (vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 110–115) https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14

APA

Hashimi, S. B., Zaheb, H., & Sabory, N. R. (2020). An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies. Repa Proceeding Series, 1(1), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14

MLA 

Hashimi, Sayed Belal, et al. “An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies.” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, June 2020, pp. 110–15. Crossref, doi:10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14.

Vancouver 

Hashimi SB, Zaheb H, Sabory NR. An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies. Repa Proceeding Series. 2020 Jun 12;1(1):110–5.

Chicago 

Hashimi, Sayed Belal, Hameedullah Zaheb, and Najib Rahman Sabory. 2020. “An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies.” Repa Proceeding Series 1 (1): 110–15. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14.

Elsevier

Hashimi SB, Zaheb H, Sabory NR. An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies. Repa Proceeding Series 2020;1:110–5. https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14.

IEEE

B. Hashimi, H. Zaheb, and N. R. Sabory, “An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies,” Repa Proceeding Series, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 110–115, Jun. 2020, doi: 10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14.

Springer

Hashimi, S.B., Zaheb, H., Sabory, N.R.: An overview of cost-effective energy storage technologies. Repa Proceeding Series. 1, 110–115 (2020). https://doi.org/10.37357/1068/SODC2019.1.1.14.

1. Inage S (2009) “Prospects for large-scale energy storage in decarbonized power grids” Working Paper Paris, France, International Energy Agency (IEA). (http://www.environmentportal.in/files/energy_storage.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

2. Genta G (1985) “Kinetic energy storage: Theory and practice of advanced flywheel systems,” 1st ed. Amsterdam, Netherlands, Butterworths. 362 p. ISBN: 978-0-408-01396-3

    

3. Hoffmann C, Greiner( M, Bremen LV, Knorr K, Bofinger S, et al. (2008) “Design of transport and storage capacities for a future European power supply system with a high share of renewable energies” IRES Conference Proceeding Berlin, Germany, uropean Association for Renewable Energy, vol. 3 - pp. 1–11.

    

4. Shelke RS, Dighole DG (2016) “A review paper on dual mass flywheel system” International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 326–331)

    

5. Östergård R (2011) “Flywheel energy storage: A conceptual study” (Thesis) Uppsala, Sweden, Uppsala University (https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:476114/FULLTEXT01.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

6. International Energy Agency (IEA) (2014) “Technology roadmap: energy storage” Paris, France, International Energy Agency (IEA). (https://speicherinitiative.at/assets/Uploads/20-technologyroadmapenergystorage.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

7. Akhil AA, Huff G, Currier AB, Kaun BC, Rastler DM, et al. (2014) “DOE/EPRI electricity storage handbook in collaboration with NRECA” Albuquerque, New Mexico, Sandia National Laboratories. (https://prod-ng.sandia.gov/techlib-noauth/access-control.cgi/2015/151002.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

8. Perrin M, Malbranche P, Mattera F, Simonin L, Sauer DU, et al. (2003) “Evaluation and perspectives of storage technologies for PV electricity” Proceedings of 3rd World Conference onPhotovoltaic Energy Conversion, 2003 Osaka, Japan, IEEE, vol. 3 - pp. 2194–2197.

    

9. Battery University (2011) “BU-308: Availability of Lithium” Battery University (https://batteryuniversity.com/index.php/learn/article/availability_of_lithium) Accessed: 1 November 2019

    

10. Nakhamkin M (2007) “Novel compressed air energy storage concepts” (http://www.espcinc.com/mobile/library/ESPC_Presentation_at_EESAT_May_2007.pdf) Accessed: 1 November 2019

     

11. Jung M, Schwunk S (2013) “High end battery management systems for renewable energy and EV applications” Green (vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 19–26) https://doi.org/10.1515/green-2012-0028

     

12. Akinyele DO, Rayudu RK (2014) “Review of energy storage technologies for sustainable power networks” Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments (vol. 8, pp. 74–91) https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.seta.2014.07.004

The author(s) has received no specific funding for this article/publication.